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Nuccitelli et al. (2012).

Stress in the Marine Environment

Multiple Stressors in the Marine Environment Predators Light limitation Temperature Competition

Stressors brought about by climate change Alteration of ocean chemistry/Ocean acidification Increased seawater temperature Changes in salinity Changes in currents and sedimentation Invasive species Loss of habitat Sea-level rise

Alteration of Ocean Chemistry Increasing accumulation of CO 2 in sea leads to ocean acidification

Riebesell et al, Nature, 2000

Sea Level Rise

NOAA

Global Sea Level Rise Simulator

Effects on Intertidal Ecosystems Increased storms lead to more frequent wave activity

Effects on Intertidal Ecosystems Sea level rise would drown some habitats and compact others

Effects on Coral Reefs Increased sea temperatures cause coral bleaching

Effects on Coral Reefs Reduction in calcification rate due to increased CO 2 De’ath et al, Science, 2008

Effects on Seagrass Ecosystems Increased erosion leads to increased turbidity Alteration of range Short et al. 2007

Effects on Kelp Ecosystems Reduction in range

Effects on Kelp Ecosystems Increased frequency of El Nino leads to reduction of nutrient supply Increases in storms, sedimentation, and turbidity

Impacts to Biodiversity