Tennessee Space Grant Consortium University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu RETURN TO THE MOON: THIS TIME TO STAY Tennessee Space Grant Consortium Larry Taylor Dawn Taylor Planetary Geosciences Institute Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences University of Tennessee

July 20, 1969 Dec. 12, 1972 Last Man First Man It is the Heritage of Mankind that We are Explorers, to Go Where No Person has Gone Before. In January, 2004, President Bush established a national program of returning humans to space, first to the Moon, then Mars, and beyond.

With Exploration and Settling of the Moon, We must Learn to “Live Off the Land”, in much the same way Our Ancestors Settled America. South Pole / Amundsen Site Water-Ice ?? University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu

Living Conditions on the Moon No Atmosphere - Deep Vacuum : 10-12 to 10-15 atm Temperatures: Equator: Day = +125 0C; Night = -150 0C Avg. = -20 ±120 0C Poles: Dark = -220-240 0C Lighted = -50 ±20 0C Micrometeorite Impact : Velocities to >>105 km/hr Radiation: Galactic / Cosmic / Solar-ray Particles

Radiation Solar Wind Weathering University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu Our Unhappy Moon Radiation Solar Wind Weathering 30 - 100,000 MPH

Zap Pits Micrometeorite Impacts on a Lunar Glass Bead Impact Craters University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu Micrometeorite Impacts on a Lunar Glass Bead Projectile Φ Crater Φ = 1 10 0.5 m 5 m 5 mm Projectile = 1/100th the diameter of a hair on your head Impact Craters Zap Pits Courtesy Dave McKay

Lunar Soil Formation Comminution, Agglutination, & Vapor Deposition University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu Lunar Soil Formation Comminution, Agglutination, & Vapor Deposition The major Weathering and Erosional agent on the Moon is Meteorite / Micrometeorite Impacts.

University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu 100 mm Courtesy – Dave McKay Agglutinates 50 mm Polished section as viewed in Reflected Light Agglutinitic Glass Gas Vesicule Ilmenite Rocklet Volcanic Glass Bead SEM Pieces of minerals, rocks, and glass welded together by shock-melt glass

Lunar Soil = 40-80% Impact Glass University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu SEM - BSE Milky Way of nanophase Feo all white beads = Metallic Iron (Fe0) 1 mm Fe0 Lunar Soil = 40-80% Impact Glass All Impact Glass has Metallic Fe

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF LUNAR SOILS University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF LUNAR SOILS Abundance of Nano- phase Fe0 in Lunar Soil Increases as Grain Size of the Particles Decreases; Magnetic Susceptability of Soil Particles Increases as Grain Size Decreases; All <50 m Particles (~50 wt%) of Lunar Soil are Easily Attracted by a simple Hand-held Magnet. (Taylor et al., 2005)

All Activities on the Moon Generate Dust University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu Apollo 17 Astronaut Harrison H. (Jack) Schmitt All Activities on the Moon Generate Dust Dusty Lunatic

SOLUTION: Magnetic brushes ?? University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu Lunar Dust Effects: Must be Addressed before any Commercial Presence on the Moon can be Fully Evaluated. Potential for settling on all thermal and optical surfaces, such as Solar cells and mirrors; and Coatings, on seals, gaskets, optical lens, windows, electrical components, astronaut suits, etc.; and Abrasiveness, with regards to friction-bearing surfaces; Physiological effects on humans, especially with respect to the lungs, the lymph system, and potentially the cardiovascular system, in the case of extremely fine particles. “Lunar Dust Hay Fever”, Jack Schmitt SOLUTION: Magnetic brushes ??

ANOTHER WHITE HOUSE LEAK!!

MICROWAVE RADIATION for DUST MITIGATION University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu MICROWAVE RADIATION for DUST MITIGATION There is an entire subculture of people who derive pleasure from putting strange things in microwave ovens Things that microwave oven manufacturers would strenuously suggest should not be put there. In the hands of these people : Table grapes produce glowing plasmas; Soap bars mutate into abominable soap monsters; Compact discs incandesce; Even ‘Wet Poodles’ have been known to “explode.”

Microwave Heating of Lunar Soil University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu Microwave Heating of Lunar Soil NanoPhase Fe0 in Silicate Glass so small as to be below the effective “skin depth” of microwave penetration; makes for GREAT MICROWAVE COUPLING! Lunar soil in your kitchen microwave oven will melt [~1200 0C], BEFORE your tea-water boils [100 0C]!! Taylor & Meek (2005)

Where It All Started !! Initial Experiments Performed in the Hot-node of a Multimode Oven Initial Experiments

LUNAR SOIL PROCESSING & PRODUCTS University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu LUNAR SOIL PROCESSING & PRODUCTS SINTERING and MELTING Creating Smooth-Sintered to Glassy Surfaces on the Moon Microwave Source Parabolic Metal Reflector Primary Cone of Microwaves

SUGGESTIONS ?? LUNAR SOIL PROCESSING & PRODUCTS SINTERING and MELTING University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu LUNAR SOIL PROCESSING & PRODUCTS SINTERING and MELTING Roads Buildings Landing Pads Recovery of Volatiles Glass Fiber Production Oxygen Production Antenna Dishes SUGGESTIONS ??

2.45 GHz Full Wave-Guide Microwave Unit Dual Power Monitor Flexible Waveguide 3-Port Circulator 3-Stub Tuner Precision Sliding Short Circuit Short Dummy Load Applicator Chamber Prof. Taylor Vodka From Russian colleagues A Single Magnetron University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu

RUN-AWAY MICROWAVE HEATING - >1000 0C/10 seconds University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu 50 Watts 1 gm Pellet, 1750 0C (3182 0C) 10 sec RUN-AWAY MICROWAVE HEATING - >1000 0C/10 seconds

TAYLOR ZAMBONI LUNAR-SURFACE PAVER University of Tennessee, Planetary Geosciences Institute Larry Taylor, lataylor@utk.edu

TIME FOR ANOTHER WALK ON THE MOON Coming Along? Courtesy, Jack Schmitt