Remnants of disappearing Southern dialect features: areas maintaining the distinction of four vs. for, dew vs. do, which vs. witch and vocalization of /r/

Project on Cross-Dialectal Comprehension: Gating Experiment 2 Word Phrase Sentence 1. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 2. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 3. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 4. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 5. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 6. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 7. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 8. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 9. _________ ________________ ___________________________ 10. ________ ________________ ___________________________

The Southern Shift sit set sat ate seat sight

The Southern Shift hit kids set bed Danny grade beatin’ Guy wipin’

The Southern Shift

The Southern Shift in the vowel system of Thelma M., 31, Birmingham, TS 341

The Southern Shift in the vowel system of Lucy C., 35, Chattanooga, Tennessee, TS 612

The Southern Shift beatin’ grade Guy wipin’ hit kids set bed Danny beatin’

Monophthongal /ay/ in five of Belle M., 67 [1995], Birmingham TS 340

Monophthongal /ay/ in five of Sheldon M, 31, [1996], Lubbock TX, TS 542

Monophthongal /ay/ in five of Matthew D., 45, [1996], Charlotte NC, TS 483

Map The South defined by monophthongization of /ay/

Fig Percent monophthongization of /ay/

Map Monophthongization of /ay/ in 1940s and 1990s

Map Stages 2 and 3 of the Southern Shift

Fig Outer limits of stage 1 of the Southern Shift

Figure The second stage of the Southern Shift

Stage 2 of the Southern Shift

Figure The third stage of the Southern Shift

Fig The Southern Shift of /ay/, /ey/ and /iy/ highlighted in the normalized means of 402 Telsur speakers displayed by Plotnik Major

Fig Percent back upglide with /oh/

Figure The Southern Shift and the low back upglide

Fig Percent back upglide with /oh/

The Southern Shift sit set sat ate seat sight Southern England, Australia, New Zealand, Outer Banks (U.S.) Southern U.S.

Southern Shift correlations

Areas of borderers settlement [Hackett 1989]

Settlement patterns of four regional cultures YankeeVirginiaQuaker Upland South SettlementTownsPlantations FarmIsolated villagesclusters House locationRoadsideSetbackCorner-Creek clusters& spring Internal LowModerateHighVery high migration Persistence75-96%50-75%40-60%25-40% David Hackett Fisher, Albion’s Seed, p. 814

Slave and free states

Confederate States of America [light green: claimed but no formal control

The Midland and South re-defined on the basis of phonology