A Publisher’s Perspective on Academic Publishing in the Digital Era Dr Frances Pinter

What Do Academic Authors want from Publishers? Historically  Books and Journals as medium of communication  Independent verification of quality  Branding  Visibility  Marketing and Selling and now Increasingly  Content in multiple formats  ‘free’ at point of use from this  Recognition and Promotion  Research grants

Academic Publishing: the Old Model Print Copy only Print Copy only Publishers were the gatekeepers Publishers were the gatekeepers Publishers verified and branded Publishers verified and branded Publishers, as ‘bankers’ financed the publishing process (not the research – just the publishing process) ‏ Publishers, as ‘bankers’ financed the publishing process (not the research – just the publishing process) ‏ Cost was a barrier to dissemination Cost was a barrier to dissemination Limited range of formats Limited range of formats Limited channels of distribution Limited channels of distribution Limited availability Limited availability Content was scarce Content was scarce

Multiple versions in digital form and print – (sometimes) ‏ Multiple versions in digital form and print – (sometimes) ‏ Multiple formats Multiple formats Available through multiple channels Available through multiple channels Held in a multiplicity of ‘locations’ (Institutional Repositories) ‏ Held in a multiplicity of ‘locations’ (Institutional Repositories) ‏ Free versions compete with publisher’s edition(s) ‏ Free versions compete with publisher’s edition(s) ‏ Uncertainty over who pays (and when) for ‘publishing’ Uncertainty over who pays (and when) for ‘publishing’ Content is abundant Content is abundant Academic Publishing: the New World

The Drivers of Change in Academic Publishing The Technology and associated economics The Technology and associated economics Expansion of Higher Education Expansion of Higher Education Massively more Content Published Massively more Content Published Changes in Teaching Methods Changes in Teaching Methods Questions about IPR and its Regulation Questions about IPR and its Regulation Open Access and Institutional Repositories Open Access and Institutional Repositories Competition of Free Content Competition of Free Content

Transition Issues 1) Disruptive nature of digital technology 2) Complexity of present system 3) Publishers’ fears 4) Copyright laws and IPR

Transition Issues 1) Disruptive nature of digital technology 2) Complexity of present system 3) Publishers’ fears 4) Copyright laws and IPR

Communicating Scholarly Research Globally Source – Activities, costs and funding flows in the scholarly communications system in the UK (May 2008)‏ Production of research outputs £116 billion Publication, distribution and access £ 25 billion Reading £ 34 billion __________ __________ Total £175 billion Total £175 billion

First fixed copy costs £ 3.7 billion Variable and indirect costs £ 2.7 billion __________ Total £ 6.4 billion Total £ 6.4 billion (including publisher surplus/profit) ‏ Source – Activities, costs and funding flows in the scholarly communications system in the UK (May 2008)‏ Global Costs of Publishing and Distribution of Journal Articles

Author-Side Publication Fees Globally Fall in Academic Library Subscriptions £2.91 bn Increase in charges to academics/ institutions £2.92 bn United Kingdom Fall in subscription charges £128 million Author-side fees £213 million

Another Study Economic Implication of Alternative Scholarly Publishing Models Examined Costs and Benefits Open Access Publishing - £80 million Institutional Repositories - £116 million

Transition Issues 1) Disruptive nature of digital technology 2) Complexity of present system 3) Publishers’ fears 4) Copyright laws and IPR

Publishers’ Concerns - 1 Cost of digitization conversion Cost of digitization conversion Cost of digital distribution Cost of digital distribution Cost of re-skilling staff Cost of re-skilling staff Role of bookshop/library supplier in chain Role of bookshop/library supplier in chain Expansion of academic ecosystem Expansion of academic ecosystem New forms of scholarly communications New forms of scholarly communications Threat of ‘free’ content Threat of ‘free’ content Defining what the publisher is selling Defining what the publisher is selling

Publishers’ Concerns – 2 When content was scarce – it was the value When content was scarce – it was the value With content in abundance – people only expect to pay for added value With content in abundance – people only expect to pay for added value But what does this mean?

The £15 Book

The Digital Content

How Much is it Worth having? Known costs Known costs peer-review, copy-editing, proofreading, print/bind peer-review, copy-editing, proofreading, print/bind Less discussed costs Less discussed costs commissioning, list building, brand building commissioning, list building, brand building managing lesser known pre-pub, production and distribution costs managing lesser known pre-pub, production and distribution costs bookshop availability bookshop availability full bibliographic referencing full bibliographic referencing library supply services library supply services digital investments digital investments up to date levels of functionality up to date levels of functionality

Transition Issues 1) Disruptive nature of digital technology 2) Complexity of present system 3) Publishers’ fears 4) Copyright laws and IPR

IPR Questions : the Scholars’ Perspective Access – will the text and data in research papers be accessible, and under what licensing conditions? Access – will the text and data in research papers be accessible, and under what licensing conditions? Publication – how will text and data be published? – in journals or held in personal or institutional repositories? Publication – how will text and data be published? – in journals or held in personal or institutional repositories? Ownership – will authors, employers, funders or publishers claim ownership of text and/or data? Ownership – will authors, employers, funders or publishers claim ownership of text and/or data? Re-Use – will owners restrict re-use, even for academic purposes? Re-Use – will owners restrict re-use, even for academic purposes? Management – how will text and data silos be managed and by whom? Management – how will text and data silos be managed and by whom? Preservation – how will text and data be preserved? – and by whom? Preservation – how will text and data be preserved? – and by whom? Fred Friend, Consultant to JISC Fred Friend, Consultant to JISC

Non-exclusive contract Author/Publisher Contract Author Tomorrow Publisher Exclusive contract Yesterday AuthorPublisher

Author Publisher Reader Exclusive contract Author to Reader Tomorrow Yesterday AuthorPublisherReader Non- exclusive contract Exclusive license Non- exclusive license

Tomorrow... Author Publisher Reader Direct via Web Non-exclusive contract Non-exclusive licence Value-Added Services Funded by? Non-exclusive licence

An Existing Online Model Free Content Charged for Premium Content

What about inversing the model? Free Premium Content Charged for Print Charged for Services ? Charged for Activities ?

Charged for Premium Content Charged for Content Almost free Content Blogs etc Charged for Content Free Content Wiki Content Another Online Model Community Sites

Free Premium Content Charged for Content Almost free Content Blogs etc Charged for Content Free Content Wiki Content Possible Future: The Project? Community Sites

New Business Models Publishers will (and are already) offering a mix of free and paid for content Publishers will (and are already) offering a mix of free and paid for content Tomorrow’s business models will employ a mix of exclusive and non-exclusive licensing Tomorrow’s business models will employ a mix of exclusive and non-exclusive licensing

Present Funding Paths Funding Sources ResearchLibraries Publishers Investment Funding Content flow

Future Funding Paths? Funding Sources ResearchLibraries Funding Content flow Publishers

Future Funding Paths? Funding Sources ResearchLibraries Funding Content flow Publishers Publications Funding Publications Funding ?? ? ?

Bloomsbury Academic Launched September 2008 Launched September 2008 Social Sciences and Humanities Social Sciences and Humanities Creative Commons non-commercial licensing Creative Commons non-commercial licensing Simultaneous print and e-editions Simultaneous print and e-editions Providing traditional publishing services along with free online access Providing traditional publishing services along with free online access Additional added-value services Additional added-value services

Bloomsbury Academic Today Free Premium Content Charged for Print Charged for Services ? Charged for Activities ?

Free Premium Content Charged for Content Almost free Content Blogs etc Charged for Content Free Content Wiki Content Bloomsbury Academic Tomorrow Community Sites