BLOOD

THE FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD Transportation transports nutrients, hormones, gases, and wastes to and from all cells Regulation carries chemical messengers, regulates temperature, regulates pH and water concentrations Protection Carries specialized cells and chemicals to fight disease Clotting prevents bleeding

BLOOD dOASt0&feature=related dOASt0&feature=related dOASt0&feature=related dOASt0&feature=related

Components of Blood (4 – 6 liters volume)

Components of Blood 1. Plasma 2. Red blood cells 3. White blood cells 4. Platelets

Plasma Clear straw colored liquid part (55% of blood) Clear straw colored liquid part (55% of blood) 90% water 90% water 10% salts, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, enzymes, hormones, cellular wastes, proteins 10% salts, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, enzymes, hormones, cellular wastes, proteins

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) carries oxygen and carbon dioxide (hemoglobin in the cytoplasm) 30 trillion in your blood 2 million/sec made in the bone marrow, live 120 days broken down by liver and spleen, hemoglobin recycled flat disk shaped for increased surface area and rapid exchange of gases – no nuclei reduced # of red blood cells is called anemia

Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes)

White blood cells (leukocytes) protects body from bacteria and viruses 60 billion in your blood 1 million/sec produced in bone marrow and lymphatic tissue move by ambiotic motion through out the tissues to attack infection normal count = 7,000 – 10,000/cm3 infection present = 1,000,000/cm3 infection present = 1,000,000/cm3

Types of Leukocytes neutrophils – phagocytosis of small particles neutrophils – phagocytosis of small particles monocytes – phagocytosis of large particles monocytes – phagocytosis of large particles eosinophils – clot digesting enzymes eosinophils – clot digesting enzymes basophils – anticoagulant (heparin) causes inflammation basophils – anticoagulant (heparin) causes inflammation macrophage – ingests foreign invaders macrophage – ingests foreign invaders

Types of Leukocytes lymphocytes – immune response lymphocytes – immune response

Types of Leukocytes

A white blood cell is stalking the green bacterium, shown at the lower right.

Platelets   Cell fragments involved in clotting

Blood Clotting Clotting reduces bleeding in small wounds by the platelets sticking to the wall and rupturing materials that result in a network of strands that trap red blood cells and seal the leak Clotting reduces bleeding in small wounds by the platelets sticking to the wall and rupturing materials that result in a network of strands that trap red blood cells and seal the leak Smooth walls of the vessels and anticoagulants stop clotting under normal conditions Smooth walls of the vessels and anticoagulants stop clotting under normal conditions Clotting problems come from decreased platelets in the blood or decreased vitamin K Clotting problems come from decreased platelets in the blood or decreased vitamin K

Blood Clotting

Unwanted clots In the coronary arteries – heart attack In the coronary arteries – heart attack

Unwanted clots In the cerebral arteries – stroke In the cerebral arteries – stroke

Unwanted clots In the lungs – shortness of breath In the lungs – shortness of breath

Components of the Blood These components can be separated by centrifuge

Components of the Blood ERYTHROCYTES (red blood cells) LEUKOCYTES (white blood cells) PLASMA (liquid part) PLATELETS (cell fragments) FUNCTION PRODUCTION BROKENDOWN RELATEDDISEASE carries gases O 2 and CO 2 (hemoglobin) bone marrow most numerous cells in the blood liver and spleen hemoglobin recycled decreased # of rbc’s = anemia protects body from bacteria and viruses bone marrow and lymphatic tissue reabsorbed by the body or removed as pus increased # of wbc’s = infection or leukemia transports gasses nutrients, wastes hormones clotting mechanism sticks to the wall of blood vessels ruptures, releases fibers that trap rbc’s diminished clotting = hemophilia

BLOOD TYPES

Antigens Proteins on the surface of the red blood cells Antigen A Antigen A Antigen B Antigen B

Antibodies in the plasma that will react and destroy red blood cells that match that antigen in the plasma that will react and destroy red blood cells that match that antigen Anti-A Anti-A Anti-B Anti-B

TYPE ATYPE BTYPE ABTYPE O Antigen AAntigen BAntigen A+BNo antigens Anti-B antibodies Anti-A antibodies no antibodies Anti-A and Anti-B Receive A+OReceive B+O Universal recipient Receive O 39% pop12% pop4% pop45% pop

getting the wrong blood type

Rh Factor Rh antigens may or may not be present on the red blood cells Rh antigens may or may not be present on the red blood cells If present = Rh+ If present = Rh+ If not present = Rh- If not present = Rh-

Rh Factor If mom is Rh- and her baby is Rh+, she will develop antibodies against the baby’s red blood cells If mom is Rh- and her baby is Rh+, she will develop antibodies against the baby’s red blood cells There is no danger in the first pregnancy because the antibodies are developing There is no danger in the first pregnancy because the antibodies are developing During the second pregnancy, mom’s antibodies will destroy baby’s red blood cells During the second pregnancy, mom’s antibodies will destroy baby’s red blood cells Injection given after each birth to destroy mom’s antibodies Injection given after each birth to destroy mom’s antibodies

Circulation of Lymph Lymph is colorless, watery intercellular fluid that bathes all cells of the body Lymph is colorless, watery intercellular fluid that bathes all cells of the body Lymph helps exchange substances between blood and body cells Lymph helps exchange substances between blood and body cells Intercellular fluid is made up of: Intercellular fluid is made up of: –fluid that diffuses out of the blood –water, salts, proteins, nutrients Excess fluid and proteins return to the blood through the lymphatic system Excess fluid and proteins return to the blood through the lymphatic system

The Lymphatic System Lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end Lymphatic capillaries are closed at one end One directional vessels with valves to prevent backflow One directional vessels with valves to prevent backflow Lymph moves by muscular actions of the body Lymph moves by muscular actions of the body

The Lymphatic System Lymph from the lower body, left head, chest, and arm empty into the thoracic duct which empties into the left side of the neck Lymph from the lower body, left head, chest, and arm empty into the thoracic duct which empties into the left side of the neck Lymph form the right head, chest, and arm empties into the vein in the right side of the neck Lymph form the right head, chest, and arm empties into the vein in the right side of the neck

Lymph Nodes or Glands Filter the lymph of bacteria or cancer cells Filter the lymph of bacteria or cancer cells Produce white blood cells Produce white blood cells –Swollen glands indicate infection Lymphoid tissues in the spleen also filter out bacteria and worn out red blood cells Lymphoid tissues in the spleen also filter out bacteria and worn out red blood cells