2004 2006 R. L. Powell Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD Historical.

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Presentation transcript:

R. L. Powell Animal Improvement Programs Laboratory Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD Historical perspectives on genetic fitness research ADSA Pioneer

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (2)R. L. Powell Fitness (Dictionary.com)  The state or condition for being fit; suitability or appropriateness  Good health or physical condition  The extent to which an organism is adapted to or able to produce offspring in a particular environment

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (3)R. L. Powell Common understanding of fitness traits  Nonproduction  Functional  But what makes a dairy cow more fit and functional than production?  We may strain the dictionary definition, but we know what we mean

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (4)R. L. Powell Conformation or type  Anecdotal observations for eons  What “we” thought cow should look like  Linear scoring began around 1980  Promoted research on real value of type traits

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (5)R. L. Powell Longevity  Justification for type emphasis  Direct observation  Indicator traits

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (6)R. L. Powell Somatic cell/mastitis  SCS is convenient trait for selection for reduced mastitis  Clear importance and relatively ready acceptance of research  Like yield, obvious milking-to-milking impact on income (profit)

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (7)R. L. Powell Fertility  Should we have foreseen problems?  Some natural selection  Tribolium pupa weight study (1976)  Negative response in family size  “Eventual extinction … by generation 16”

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (8)R. L. Powell Calving ease  Giving birth is most traumatic time in a cow’s life  Can minimize negatives by reducing calvings or by mating plan  Better yet, reduce frequency of bad genes (daughter calving ease)

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (9)R. L. Powell Genetic evaluations TraitYear Yield1935 Final score type1964 Calving ease1978 Linear type1980—83 Productive life1994 Somatic cell score1994 Daughter pregnancy rate2003 Stillbirths2006

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (10)R. L. Powell Indexes  Consider all traits with a single number  Vital with so many traits  Needs to be appropriate for market  Needs to be “reasonably” accurate  Many correlated traits complicate process

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (11)R. L. Powell History of USDA indexes TraitsYear Milk, fat Protein, solids-not fat Productive life, somatic cell score Type composites Daughter pregnancy rate,2003 calving ease + Stillbirths2006

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (12)R. L. Powell Deleterious genes  Mulefoot  Bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD)  Uridine monophosphate synthase deficiency (DUMPS)  Complex vertebral malformation (CVM)  Weaver  Limber leg  Rectovaginal constriction (RVC)

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (13)R. L. Powell Learning from history  Obsession with production  Low heritability vs. no heritability  High economic value  Large variation  Breed for yield, cull for function  We got what we asked for

ADSA-ASAS 2006 Joint Annual Meeting (14)R. L. Powell Learning from history (cont.)  Beware of pendulum swinging too far back  Theoretically, index weights based on research  correct index  optimum progress