Bell Work Question 1. News Story for the day. 2. Let us consider you are a business owner who makes sausage. Several of your workers have been putting the sweepings from the floor into the sausage as well as sawdust. No one has found out about it yet. What would you do?

Reform shifts from the farm to the city and climbs the ladder of government from the local to the state and then to the national level.

Progressive Era Standards: USHII 5b and 5c The student will demonstrate knowledge of the changing role of the United States from the late nineteenth century through World War I by: b)describing Theodore Roosevelt’s impact on the foreign policy of the United States. c)explaining the reasons for the United States’ involvement in World War I and its international leadership role at the conclusion of the war.

Learning Intentions The student will be able to discuss why Pres. Roosevelt expanded the Monroe Doctrine as a way to prevent European involvement in the affairs of Latin American countries. The student will be able to discuss what were the reasons for the United States’ becoming involved in World War I.

I. The Problems of the 1890’s Huge Gap between rich and poor Tremendous economic and political power of the rich Wealthy were insensitively flaunting their wealth before a poorer public

I. Problems of the 1890’s (cont.) Industrial workers hideously poor, living in dirty conditions and working in very dangerous conditions Jacob Riis’ How the Other Half Lives (1890) Little concern for Black America

II. Progressive Reformers

A. Streams of Reform The “Social Gospel” movement The movement applied Christian ethics, social problems, especially social justice, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, poor schools, and the danger of war. Settlement House Workers --Jane Addams, Hull House in Chicago (1889)

A. Streams of Reform (cont.) Young, socially-conscious lawyers Investigative Journalists -- “Muckrakers” --Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, and Upton Sinclair Small businessmen

Muckrakers Writers who specialize in exposing corruption in business, government, and elsewhere.

B. Features of Progressive Reform Desire to remedy problems through government initiative Reliance on “experts” -- Robert Lafollette’s “Wisconsin Idea” Wanted reform not revolution Stressed the importance of efficiency in reform --Frederick W. Taylor

B. Features of Progressive Reform (cont.) Want to bring order out of chaos --Creation of NCAA in Federal Budget (1921) Desire to make politics more democratic Desire to make businessmen more responsible for problems

B. Features of Progressive Reform (cont.) Desire to make society more moral and more fair Desire to distribute income more equitably Desire to broaden opportunities for individual advancement Women were active in progressivism --Suffragettes like Susan B. Anthony

B. Features of Progressive Reform (cont.) Infiltrated both political parties -- Republican “insurgents” Middle-class reform movement Operated on all three levels of government

III. Sample Progressive Reforms

A. Political Reforms Page 1 of 3 Tried to put more power into the hands of the people. Below are some examples of changes brought into politics: Innovative changes in city government --city managers --Commission model

A. Political Reforms Page 2 of 3 Tried to put more power into the hands of the people. Below are some examples of changes brought into politics: The Direct Primary- The people elect who will run for office, not the party bosses Ballot Initiative- Place a question on the ballot for the people, not the legislature to approve. Referendum- Placing a suggested law on the ballot for direct approval by the people. Recall– A vote which remove from office an elected official (example: governor)

A. Political Reforms Page 3 of 3 Tried to put more power into the hands of the people. Below are some examples of changes brought into politics: The Secret Ballot- When you vote, it placed where no one can see how you voted. Direct Election of Senators- At first selected by political leaders, changed to have the people vote them into office. Voting Rights for Women- Women were given the right to vote for political offices.

B. Social Reforms Child labor laws Ten-hour work days Prohibition initiatives Moral Purity campaigns --18 th amendment

B. Social Reforms (cont.) Minimum safety standards on the job Minimum standards for housing codes “City Beautification” movement

B. Social Reforms (cont.) Immigration Restriction --Europeans first Eugenics --Buck v. Bell (1927) Very Little Help for Blacks --NAACP (1909) -- “Birth of a Nation” Racist movie about the KKK

IV. Progressive Amendments to the U. S. Constitution Progressives relied on the law to make changes in American Society 16 th Amendment (1913)—federal income tax 17 th Amendment (1913)—direct election of senators 18 th Amendment (1919)—prohibition 19 th Amendment (1920)—vote for women

Presidential Progressivism: Theodore Roosevelt Great drive, energy and exciting persona TR’s interests and early years NYC police commissioner Spanish-American War experience -- “Rough Riders” Political Rise from NY Governor to Vice- President

First Term as President ( ) McKinley’s assassination Offered energetic national leadership Cast all issues in moral & patriotic terms --The “Bully Pulpit” Master Politician Modest goals for his “accidental” presidency

“Trust-Buster” TR’s attitude toward Big Business: Wants to regulate in order to get businesses to act right The “Square Deal” (1902)

Second Term as President ( ) More vigorous progressivism Federal Meat Inspection Act (1906) Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Conservation Policy --Preservation vs. Conservation

“A Tough Act to Follow”: Presidency of William Howard Taft ( ) The Election of 1908 Taft’s political experience Not a dynamic politician Never completely comfortable as President

Presidency of Taft (cont.) Controversy over the Tariff More conservative than TR, but also more trust suits The “Ballinger-Pinchot” Affair Growing tension with Teddy Roosevelt

The Election of 1912 Growing split within the Republican Party Creation of the “Bull Moose” Party Progressive Party Platform: “New Nationalism” Democrats drafted Woodrow Wilson Results of the Election

Democratic Progressivism: President Woodrow Wilson ( ) Wilson’s early life and political career True progressive and dynamic speaker Sympathetic to small businessmen Could be a stubborn, moral crusader and ideologue

“New Freedom” Wilson’s brand of progressivism Wants to recreate the “golden age” of small American businesses Wilson wants to open channels for free and fair competition Historic Jeffersonian approach to federal pow er

Key Wilson Legislation Federal Reserve Act (1913) Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) Federal Trade Commission (1914)

Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System is the central banking system of the USA. It was created on December 23, 1913 with the Federal Reserve Act. Was done to reduce financial panics. Its monetary policy choices do not have to be approved by the President or anyone else in the government. We still have the Federal Reserve System today.

Congressional Progressivism After 1914 Wilson was not a strong progressive when it came to social reform Did not push laws for blacks Congress takes over the progressive agenda Appointment of Brandeis to Supreme Court

The Slow Downturn of the Progressive Movement Progressive movement peaks by 1917 Success of the movement led to its decline Advent of World War I also hurt progressive activism

The Slow Downturn of the Progressive Movement Progressives themselves began to weary of their reform zeal—as did the nation as a whole. Ironically, voter participation has steadily declined since the election of 1912