Exposure C++ Chapter V Variables and Constants

The Limitation of Constants // PROG0501.CPP // This program demonstrates using four constants. #include void main() { cout << 2500 << endl; cout << << endl; cout << 'M' << endl; cout << "Howdy Neighbors" << endl; }

Defining and Assigning Variables Variable Definition Syntax datatype Variable Identifier // optional. but desired comment int Number; char Choice;

// PROG0502.CPP // This program introduces integer, character and real number // variables. This program also demonstrates the use of an // assignment operator. #include void main() { int Var1; // integer variable char Var2; // character variable float Var3; // real number (floating point) variable Var1 = 5000; // integer assignment Var2 = 'A'; // character assignment Var3 = ; // real number assignment cout << Var1 << endl; cout << Var2 << endl; cout << Var3 << endl; } PROG0502.CPP OUTPUT 5000 A

// PROG0503.CPP // This program demonstrates that C++ is case sensitive. #include void main() { int Var1; // integer variable char Var2; // character variable float Var3; // real number (floating point) variable Var1 = 5000; // integer assignment Var2 = 'A'; // character assignment Var3 = ; // real number assignment cout << var1 << endl; cout << var2 << endl; cout << var3 << endl; } DOES NOT COMPILE AND GIVES ERROR MESSAGES LIKE: Compiling PROG0503.CPP Error PROG0503.CPP 18: Undefined symbol 'var1' Error PROG0503.CPP 18: Undefined symbol 'var2' Error PROG0503.CPP 18: Undefined symbol 'var3'

Important Warning About Case Sensitivity C++ is case sensitive This means that GrossPay and grosspay are two completely different identifiers to a C++ compiler.

The Assignment Operator The two previous program examples included the program statements below. At first glance it may appear like an equation because the equality = sign is used. The program statement Var1 = 5000; certainly looks like an equation. It is tempting to "Var1 equals 5000". Saying equals will not really confuse people who understand C++ programming, but it is more correct to say something like: Var1 gets 5000 Var1 becomes is assigned to Var1 Var1 = 5000;// integer assignment Var2 = 'A';// character assignment Var3 = ;// real number assignment

// PROG0504.CPP // This program demonstrates that the assignment operator can be // used for evaluating mathematical expressions. The program also // shows program output that mixes constants with variables. #include void main() { int N1 = 10, N2 = 20, N3 = 30; cout << N1 << " " << N2 << " " << N3 << endl; N1 = ; N2 = ; N3 = ; cout << endl; cout << N1 << " " << N2 << " " << N3 << endl; N1 = N ; N2 = N ; N3 = N1 + N2; cout << endl; cout << N1 << " " << N2 << " " << N3 << endl; } PROG0504.CPP OUTPUT

Assignment Operator Syntax Variable = Expression Rate = 8.765; Sum = X + 13; Total = N1 + N2 + N3;

Wrong Assignment Operator Syntax Do not switch the left and right side of an assignment operator. The following examples will not work: = Rate; X + 13 = Sum; N1 + N2 + N3 = Total;

// PROG0505.CPP // This program demonstrates that the assignment // operator is not an equal sign. // An assignment statement is not an equation. #include void main() { int Number = 1000; cout << Number << endl; cout << endl; Number = Number + 100; cout << Number << endl; Number = Number + Number; cout << endl; cout << Number << endl; } PROG0505.CPP OUTPUT

The program examples you have seen so far have been logical. Logical in the sense that only integer values were assigned to int variables, characters to char variables, and real numbers to float variables. You might, without realizing it, assign values to the wrong variables. Will the compiler catch such a mistake? If the compiler does not catch it, what is going to happen? These are good questions and program PROG0506.CPP is designed precisely to answer these questions. This next program example does some pretty bizarre stuff. You will see a letter character assigned to an int variable, a number assigned to a char variable, and a variety of other peculiar assignments that all seem to violate proper assignment practice. Make sure to follow the assignment advise on the next page. Mixing Data Types

When in doubt assign like data types, such as: int X, Y; char Letter1, Letter2; X = 10; Y = X; X = X + Y; Letter1 = 'A'; Letter2 = Letter1; Only mix data type assignments when this serves a specific purpose, and you know the result of the assignment. Assignment Advice

// PROG0506.CPP // This program demonstrates that it is possible to mix data types. #include void main() { int IntVar; char CharVar; float FloatVar; IntVar = 'A'; CharVar = 65; FloatVar = 25; cout << "IntVar = 'A' " << IntVar << endl; cout << "CharVar = 65 " << CharVar << endl; cout << "FloatVar = 25 " << FloatVar << endl; IntVar = ; CharVar = 'A' + 5; FloatVar = 'B'; cout << endl; cout << "IntVar = " << IntVar << endl; cout << "CharVar = 'A' + 5 " << CharVar << endl; cout << "FloatVar = 'B' " << FloatVar << endl; } PROG0506.CPP OUTPUT IntVar = 'A' 65 CharVar = 65 A FloatVar = IntVar = CharVar = 'A' + 5 F FloatVar = 'B' 66

Save Advice Always save your programs before you try to compile/execute. Sooner or later you will find that the computer "locks up" and requires rebooting. Rebooting a computer means the loss of data that is stored temporarily in computer memory, RAM. The programs you write are data that is stored temporarily in memory. Unless you acquire a habit to store your program permanently on a hard drive, diskette or network, you run the risk of losing many hours or computer work.

Initialized Variables In some of the previous programs you have seen program statements like: X = X + 4; This type of statement assumes an initial value for X. The CPU finds the value for X, adds 4 to this value and returns the sum to the memory location of X. Clean and simple, right? True, but what if there is no initial value for X? What will the CPU do?

// PROG0507.CPP // This program demonstrates how to define and initialize a // variable in the same statement. #include void main() { int IntVar1 = 25; int IntVar2 = 50; char CharVar1 = '#'; char CharVar2 = '$'; cout << IntVar1 << " " << IntVar2 << endl; cout << CharVar1 << " " << CharVar2 << endl; IntVar1 = IntVar ; IntVar2 = IntVar ; CharVar1 = '1'; CharVar2 = '2'; cout << endl << endl; cout << IntVar1 << " " << IntVar2 << endl; cout << CharVar1 << " " << CharVar2 << endl; } PROG0507.CPP OUTPUT # $

Program Sequence How does the computer know what to execute, and when to do the execution of program statements? The answer is sequence. The program is executed in the precise sequence of the program statements created by the programmer.

// PROG0508.CPP // This program demonstrates that program execution is // controlled by program statement sequence. #include void main() { int IntNumber; float FloatNumber; cout << "IntNumber = " << IntNumber << endl; IntNumber = 2500; cout << "IntNumber = " << IntNumber << endl; IntNumber = 5000; cout << "FloatNumber = " << FloatNumber << endl; FloatNumber = ; cout << "FloatNumber = " << FloatNumber << endl; FloatNumber = ; } PROG0508.CPP ACTUAL OUTPUT IntNumber = 2418 IntNumber = 2500 FloatNumber = e-11 FloatNumber =

There certainly is something wrong with the output of PROG0508.CPP. Perhaps you had expected a program output more along the following lines. PROG0508.CPP EXPECTED OUTPUT IntNumber = 2500 IntNumber = 5000 FloatNumber = FloatNumber =

The problem is best explained by focusing on the following first five program statements extracted from the program: int IntNumber; float FloatNumber1; clrscr(); cout << "IntNumber = " << IntNumber << endl; IntNumber = 2500;

The first three program statement cause no problem. With the very next statement the value of IntNumber is supposed to be displayed. The CPU once again has no problem with that instruction. There exists a memory location for IntNumber and the CPU takes a peek in the memory to determine the value, and then displays the value. Now there will be a value in the memory location for IntNumber. Every BIT in memory has the value of 0 or 1 and combinations of 16 bits are used to store an integer. My computer happened to find 2418, which is surprisingly close to 2500, but the value could be anything. You will probably get a different value on your computer. At this point many students object. You may be one of these students. You object on the ground that the program clearly shows the value 2500 being assigned to IntNumber. You are right, but the problem is that the assignment occurs after the output statement. You see, incorrect program sequence is the problem here.

// PROG0509.CPP // This is another example that demonstrates why you must use // correct program sequence. This program does not compile. #include void main() { cout << "IntNumber = " << IntNumber << endl; IntNumber = 2500; cout << "IntNumber = " << IntNumber << endl; IntNumber = 5000; cout << "FloatNumber = " << FloatNumber << endl; FloatNumber = ; cout << "FloatNumber = " << FloatNumber << endl; FloatNumber = ; int IntNumber; float FloatNumber; } PROG0509.CPP OUTPUT There is no program output. The program will not compile. Some messages indicating that IntNumber and FloatNumber are undefined will be your only output.

Identifier Rule All identifiers must be known to C++ before they can be used. C++ checks identifiers three ways: 1. Is the identifier a reserved word? 2. Is the identifier a library function? 3. Is the identifier defined in the program

String Variables apstring Inclusion You must use the statement #include "APSTRING.H" to have access to the special apstring data type. The format "APSTRING.H" is used. Your teacher may use a different include approach, such as "apstring.cpp"

The quotes will appear strange to use. All program examples have used program statements for library functions that use angle brackets, like: #include Now you are expected to use library functions with slightly different syntax, like: #include "apstring.h" or #include "APSTRING.H" What is going on?

When To Use And When To Use " " Use when the file you are including is one of the built- in C++ files that were automatically installed when C++ was installed. These files are located in some obscure directory. The use of tell the compiler to look for the file in that directory. Use "quotes" when the file you are including is one that you have created or has been given to you. These files are located in the same place as your main.CPP file. This would be either on your disk, or in what ever directory you happen to be working. The use of "quotes" tell the compiler to look for the file in the default directory.

// PROG0510.CPP // This program introduces the string variable with apstring. #include #include "APSTRING.H" void main() { apstring Name1; // 1st string variable; apstring Name2; // 2nd string variable; Name1 = "Suzie Snodgrass"; Name2 = "Seymour Schmittlap"; cout << "Name1 = " << Name1 << endl; cout << "Name2 = " << Name2 << endl; } PROG0510.CPP OUTPUT Name1 = Suzie Snodgrass Name2 = Seymour Snodgrass

// PROG0511.CPP // This program demonstrates how to initialize a string variable. // The program also shows incorrect value swapping. #include #include "APSTRING.H" void main() { apstring Name1 = "Kathy"; // 1st initialized string variable; apstring Name2 = "Tommy"; // 2nd initialized string variable; cout << "Name1 = " << Name1 << endl; cout << "Name2 = " << Name2 << endl; Name1 = Name2; Name2 = Name1; cout << endl; cout << "Name1 = " << Name1 << endl; cout << "Name2 = " << Name2 << endl; } PROG0511.CPP OUTPUT Name1 = Kathy Name2 = Tommy Name1 = Tommy Name2 = Tommy

This is the result, in memory, after the two program statements: apstring Name1 = "Kathy"; apstring Name2 = "Tommy"; The next assignment statement is crucial. It helps to explain what is happening. Name1 gets the value from Name2. The result is that now both string variables contain the exact same value. Name1 = Name2; The final program statement does not alter anything. It appears that values are swapped, but swapping is not possible, since the value of “Kathy” was lost. Name2 = Name1; Name1 Kathy Name2 Tommy Name1 Tommy Name2 Tommy

// PROG0512.CPP // This program demonstrates the correct swapping of two variable // values by using an extra variable. #include #include "APSTRING.H" void main() { apstring Animal1; apstring Animal2; apstring Temp; Animal1 = "Tiger"; Animal2 = "Giraffe"; cout << "Animal1 = " << Animal1 << endl; cout << "Animal2 = " << Animal2 << endl; Temp = Animal1; Animal1 = Animal2; Animal2 = Temp; cout << endl; cout << "Animal1 = " << Animal1 << endl; cout << "Animal2 = " << Animal2 << endl; } PROG0512.CPP OUTPUT Animal1 = Tiger Animal2 = Giraffe Animal1 = Giraffe Animal2 = Tiger

Swapping Correctly with a Temporary Placeholder Animal1 = "Tiger"; Animal2 = "Giraffe"; We know from previous experience that the value in Animal1 is likely to be endangered. The next assignment statement preserves the value. Temp = Animal1; Animal1 Tiger Animal2 Giraffe Temp Unknown Animal1 Tiger Animal2 Giraffe Temp Tiger

With Tiger safely tugged away in Temp, we can copy the Giraffe value to Animal1 without losing anything. Animal1 = Animal2; We now observe that both Animal1 and Animal2 store Giraffe. However, this time Tiger is lurking in Temp ready to jump into action. Animal2 = Temp; Animal1 Giraffe Animal2 Giraffe Temp Tiger Animal1 Giraffe Animal2 Tiger Temp Tiger

// PROG0513.CPP // This program demonstrates that string variables can be // defined and initialized two different ways. #include #include "APSTRING.H" void main() { apstring String1 = "First String"; apstring String2("Second String"); cout << "String 1 = " << String1 << endl; cout << "String 2 = " << String2 << endl; } PROG0513.CPP OUTPUT String1 = First String String2 = Second String

// PROG0514.CPP // This program demonstrates how to use the // reserved word const. #include #include "APSTRING.H" const int MAX = 5000; const float PI = ; const char START = 'A'; const apstring GREETING = "Good Morning"; void main() { cout << "MAX: " << MAX << endl; cout << "PI: " << PI << endl; cout << "START: " << START << endl; cout << "GREETING: " << GREETING << endl; } PROG0514.CPP OUTPUT MAX: 5000 PI: START: A GREETING: Good Morning

Syntax for Using const const data-type identifier = constant value const int MAX = 5000; It is a common convention, not a requirement, to use all capital letters for a const identifier.

// PROG0515.CPP // This program demonstrates that it is important to provide the // data type in a const statement. #include #include "APSTRING.H" const MAX = 5000; const PI = ; const START = 'A'; //const GREETING = "Good Morning"; void main() { cout << "MAX: " << MAX << endl; cout << "PI: " << PI << endl; cout << "START: " << START << endl; // cout << "GREETING: " << GREETING << endl; } PROG0515.CPP OUTPUT MAX: 5000 PI: 3 START: 65

// PROG0516.CPP // This program demonstrates that it is not possible to modify a constant object. #include #include "APSTRING.H" const int MAX = 5000; const float PI = ; const char START = 'A'; const apstring GREETING = "Good Morning"; void main() { MAX = 10000; PI = START = 'Q'; GREETING = "Good Afternoon"; cout << "MAX: " << MAX << endl; cout << "PI: " << PI << endl; cout << "START: " << START << endl; cout << "GREETING: " << GREETING << endl; } This program will not compile Error PROG0516.CPP: Cannot modify a const object

Literal Constants and Symbolic Constants Examples of literal constants are 2500, and Joe Smith. Number = 2500; PayRate = 12.75; Name = "Joe Smith"; Examples of symbolic constants are Nbr, PR, and Word. const int Nbr = 10000; const float PR = 9.25; const apstring Word = "QWERTY"; Symbolic constants cannot be modified.

// PROG0517.CPP // This program demonstrates that a constant value can be assigned to a variable. #include #include "APSTRING.H" const int MAX = 5000; const float PI = ; const char START = 'A'; const apstring GREETING = "Good Morning"; void main() { int IntVar; float FloatVar; char CharVar; apstring StringVar; IntVar = MAX; FloatVar = PI; CharVar = START; StringVar = GREETING; cout << "IntVar: " << IntVar << endl; cout << "FloatVar: " << FloatVar << endl; cout << "CharVar: " << CharVar << endl; cout << "StringVar: " << StringVar << endl; } PROG0517.CPP OUTPUT IntVar: 5000 FloatVar: CharVar: A StringVar: Good Morning