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Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Chapter Intro 3

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Charles Pinckney Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Section 1-3

A Distinguished Gathering Each state except Rhode Island sent delegates to Philadelphia to fix the flaws in the Articles of Confederation.  Most of the 55 men were well-educated and experienced in politics.  Native Americans, African Americans, and women were not included. (pages 52–53) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-4

Early Decisions The delegates chose George Washington to preside.  Washington chose a committee to set rules for conducting the convention.  The committee decided that decisions would be made by majority vote, with each state having one vote.  Delegates agreed to keep all discussions secret to enable all to speak freely. (pages 53–54) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 1-8

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Roger Sherman Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Section 2-3

Two Opposing Plans James Madison designed the Virginia Plan.  It called for a government with three branches: the legislative branch (lawmakers), executive branch (to carry out the laws), and judicial branch (a system of courts to interpret and apply the laws).  The legislature would have two houses, with the states represented by basis of population in each. (pages 55–56) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-4

Two Opposing Plans (cont.) The Virginia Plan appealed to the large states.  The small states feared a government dominated by large states would ignore their interests.  The New Jersey Plan also called for three branches of government.  The legislature would have one house and each state would get one vote.  This plan would give equal power to large and small states. (pages 55–56) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-5

Constitutional Compromises Roger Sherman’s committee proposed a Senate and a House of Representatives.  Each state would have equal representation in the Senate. Representation in the House would be based on population.  The delegates accepted this Great Compromise. (pages 56–58) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-7

Constitutional Compromises (cont.) Southern states wanted to count enslaved African Americans as part of their population in determining representation in the House.  Northern states opposed this plan.  In the Three-fifths Compromise, delegates agreed that every five enslaved persons would count as three free persons for determining congressional representation and figuring taxes. (pages 56–58) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-8

Constitutional Compromises (cont.) Northern states wanted Congress to be able to regulate foreign trade and trade between the states.  Southern states feared Congress would then tax their exports and stop the slave trade.  They agreed to give Congress the power to regulate trade, but it could not tax exports or interfere with the slave trade before 1808. (pages 56–58) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-9

Constitutional Compromises (cont.) Delegates disagreed on whether Congress or the voters should choose the president.  The solution was the Electoral College, a group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president.  Today, the voters in each state, not the legislators, choose electors. (pages 56–58) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-10

Approving the Constitution Ratification required at least 9 of 13 state conventions to vote “yes.”  Supporters of the constitution called themselves Federalists to emphasize that the Constitution would create a system of federalism, a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states.  Federalists argued for a strong central government. (pages 58–59) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-12

Approving the Constitution (cont.) Opponents, the Anti-Federalists, wanted more power for the states and less for the national government.  They also wanted a bill of rights to protect individual freedoms.  Both agreed to add a bill of rights. This promise turned the tide.  The Constitution took effect when New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify it. (pages 58–59) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 2-13

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1. a form of government in which power is divided between the federal, or national, government and the states __ 2. agreement providing a dual system of congressional representation __ 3. supporters of the Constitution __ 4. those who opposed ratification of the Constitution B A. Federalists B. federalism C. Anti-Federalists D. Great Compromise D A C Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Section 2-15

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Checking for Understanding (cont.) Explain What was the purpose of The Federalist? Why did the Anti-Federalists object to the Constitution? Its purpose was to defend the Constitution. They felt it gave too much power to the national government and took it away from states. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-17

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing Visuals Interpret Examine the map on page 57 of your textbook. Which states ratified the Constitution after it took effect? Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island ratified the Constitution after it took effect. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 2-19

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Patrick Henry Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Section 3-3

The Constitution and Its Parts The main purpose of the Constitution is to provide a framework for government, but it is also the highest authority in the nation.  The powers of all branches come from it. It has three main parts: the Preamble, seven articles, and amendments.  The Preamble states the goals and purposes of government.  The first part makes clear that government gets its power from the people and exists to serve them. (pages 82–85) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-4

The Constitution and Its Parts (cont.) The Preamble states six purposes:  –“To form a more perfect Union”  –“To establish Justice”  –“To insure domestic Tranquility”  –“To provide for the common defense”  –“To promote the general Welfare”  –“To secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity” (pages 82–85) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-5

The Constitution and Its Parts (cont.) The articles explain how government is to work.  The first three articles describe the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of government. (pages 82–85) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-5

The Constitution and Its Parts (cont.) Article I describes the legislative branch as two houses with lawmaking authority.  It then describes how members will be chosen.  The article also lists specific powers Congress does and does not have.  Article II establishes the executive, or law-enforcing, branch headed by a president and vice president.  It explains how these leaders will be elected and can be removed and describes their powers and duties. (pages 82–85) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-6

The Constitution and Its Parts (cont.) Article III establishes the judicial branch to interpret and apply the laws.  It calls for one Supreme Court plus lower courts and describes the powers of federal courts. (pages 82–85) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-7

The Constitution and Its Parts (cont.) Article IV says that all states must respect one another’s laws and explains the process of creating new states.  Article V specifies how the Constitution can be amended.  Article VI declares that the Constitution is the “supreme Law of the Land” and federal law prevails over state law.  Article VII states that the Constitution would take effect when nine states ratify it. (pages 82–85) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-8

Amending the Constitution An amendment is any change to the Constitution.  The first 10 amendments are the Bill of Rights.  The Sixteenth Amendment allows Congress to collect an income tax–a tax on people’s earnings.  The Framers made sure that the Constitution could not be altered without overwhelming support of the people.  Only 27 amendments have become law. (pages 85–86) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-10

Amending the Constitution (cont.) The amendment process involves two steps: proposal and ratification.  An amendment may be proposed by a vote of two-thirds of both houses of Congress or by a national convention requested by two-thirds of the state legislatures.  Once proposed, an amendment must be ratified by three-fourths of the states.  The states can do this by a vote of either the state legislature or a special state convention. (pages 85–86) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-11

Interpreting the Constitution The Constitution is a general document and open to interpretation.  Article I gives Congress the power “to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper” to carry out its duties.  This necessary and proper clause allows Congress to exercise implied powers not specifically listed in the Constitution. (pages 86–87) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-13

Interpreting the Constitution (cont.) Americans disagree on what laws are “necessary and proper.”  Loose interpreters believe Congress can make any laws not specifically forbidden.  Strict interpreters believe Congress can make only the kinds of laws mentioned by the Constitution.  The Supreme Court has the final authority on interpreting the Constitution.  Each new interpretation, whether strict or loose, changes our government. (pages 86–87) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-14

Interpreting the Constitution (cont.) Actions by Congress and the president have also caused new interpretations.  For example, the president requests legislation from Congress.  This action is not directed by the Constitution.  Custom also changes the interpretation of the Constitution.  For example, political parties, not mentioned in the Constitution, are part of today’s political system. (pages 86–87) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 3-15

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1. the first 10 amendments __ 2. a tax on people’s earnings __ 3. the opening section of the Constitution __ 4. any change in the Constitution C A. Preamble B. amendment C. Bill of Rights D. income tax D A B Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Section 3-17

Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Benjamin Franklin Click the Speaker button to replay the audio. Section 4-3

Popular Sovereignty The Framers had a common vision for the government: It should be representative of the people and limited in scope.  Power should be divided among different levels.  To achieve these ends, the Framers embraced five principles as the backbone of the Constitution: popular sovereignty, rule of law, separation of powers, checks and balances, and federalism. (pages 89–90) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-4

Popular Sovereignty (cont.) Article IV guarantees a republic, in which supreme power belongs to the people (popular sovereignty).  The people express their will through elected representatives.  Provisions, such as those about the right to vote, ensure popular sovereignty. (pages 89–90) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-5

Rule of Law The Framers believed the government should be strong but not too strong.  The Constitution sets limits by stating what government may and may not do.  Government is also limited by the rule of law.  This means that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern. (page 90) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-7

Separation of Powers To keep any one person or group from becoming too powerful, the Framers divided government into three branches with different functions.  This split of authority among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches is called the separation of powers. (page 91) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-9

Checks and Balances Checks and balances keep any one branch from becoming too powerful.  Each branch can check, or restrain, the power of the others.  For example, the president can veto laws, Congress can block presidential appointments, and the Supreme Court can overturn laws it finds contrary to the Constitution. (page 91–92) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-11

Federalism Under federalism, power is shared by the national government and the states.  Americans must obey the laws of both.  Enumerated or expressed powers are powers the Constitution specifically grants to the national government.  Powers not given to the national government are reserved powers kept by the states.  Powers that both levels of government can exercise are concurrent powers. (pages 92–93) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-13

Federalism (cont.) When national and state laws conflict, the Constitution is the final authority.  Neither the national nor state governments may act in violation of it.  The Constitution is both durable and adaptable.  It provides the government sufficient power to keep order, protect, and defend, yet sets limits to avoid tyranny. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Section 4-14

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Federalism (cont.) What are some examples of concurrent powers? Concurrent powers include the power to enforce the laws, establish courts, collect taxes, borrow money, and provide for the general welfare. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Section 4-15

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Checking for Understanding Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1. the split of authority among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches __ 2. a system in which each branch of government is able to check, or restrain, the power of the others __ 3. the notion that power lies with the people __ 4. principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern A A. separation of powers B. popular sovereignty C. rule of law D. checks and balances D B C Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Section 4-16

Section 3: The Structure of the Constitution The Constitution is divided into three parts. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the information. Review 3

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1. powers that Congress has that are specifically listed in the Constitution __ 2. favored the ratification of the new Constitution __ 3. settled the question of whether the Virginia Plan or the New Jersey Plan would be adopted __ 4. first 10 amendments to the Constitution G A. Anti-Federalists B. Bill of Rights C. federalism D. Federalists E. Great Compromise F. popular sovereignty G. expressed powers H. separation of powers I. reserved powers J. Three-Fifths Compromise D E B Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Chapter Assessment 1

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 5. settled the issue of how to count enslaved Americans for the purpose of representation in Congress __ 6. form of government in which power is divided between the national government and the states __ 7. those who opposed the Constitution because it gave too much power to the national government J A. Anti-Federalists B. Bill of Rights C. federalism D. Federalists E. Great Compromise F. popular sovereignty G. expressed powers H. separation of powers I. reserved powers J. Three-Fifths Compromise C A Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Chapter Assessment 2

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 8. powers that the Constitution does not give to the national government that are kept by the states __ 9. the split of authority among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches __ 10. notion that governments draw their powers from the consent of the governed I A. Anti-Federalists B. Bill of Rights C. federalism D. Federalists E. Great Compromise F. popular sovereignty G. expressed powers H. separation of powers I. reserved powers J. Three-Fifths Compromise H F Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Chapter Assessment 3

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