Chapter 2: Cells Levels of Organization

Complex Organism How is a complex organism like a house? – Both are organized in a way that allows them to function properly. How are they organized? – Small boards connect to make walls, floor, ceiling – These combine to form rooms – Rooms make up a home – Different systems make up a home Living things are organized too!

Levels of Organization 1) Cells “wood boards” 2) Tissues “walls, ceiling, floor” 3) Organs “rooms” 4) Organ System “electric, plumbing, heating” 5) Organisms “home”

1) Cells Cell – _____________________________________ __________________. Every living thing is made up of __________.

Specific Jobs Cells have specific jobs in complex organisms such as humans. – Muscle cell  helps body parts move – Nerve cell  sends messages to and from brain – RBC  carry oxygen throughout the body

Cells work Together Muscle cells make body move  when they get a signal from the nerve cell  and to perform jobs the must receive oxygen from RBC

2) Tissues Tissue – _____________________________________ _____________________________________. – Group of nerve cells  nervous tissue – Group of muscle cells  muscular tissue »  

3) Organs Organ – _____________________________________ – Ex: Stomach, heart, liver, ears, brain, skin Stomach is made up of different _______ that work together to digest food. Examples?

4) Organ Systems Organ System __________________________________. – Ex: Digestive system, skeletal system, nervous system Examples?

Organ systems working together Think about when you down a basketball court to do a lay-up after you have stolen a pass. How do your organ systems work together in order for you to do this? – Muscular system – Skeletal system – Respiratory system – Circulatory system – Nervous system

5) Organism Organism – ___________________________ Complex organisms are made up of many organ systems – organs – tissues – specialized cells. So ________ are the building blocks of life!

Human Organ Systems Circulatory System Digestive System Immune System Muscular System Nervous System Reproductive System Respiratory System Skeletal System Urinary System

Circulatory - Digestive - Immune - Muscular -

Nervous system Reproductive system Respiratory system Skeletal system Urinary system

2 New Systems Endocrine system - ________________________ ________________________ Integumentary system - ________________________ ________________________

Check List 1) List in order from smallest to largest the 5 levels of organization: _____,______,_____,_____,______ 2) What is does a group of tissues make? ___________ 3) What system works with the muscular system to break down food for nutrients? 4) What system transports these nutrients throughout the body? 5) What type of cells are associated with the immune system? 6) What does a group of similar organs make up? 7) What systems get rid of waste? Solid and Liquid

Chapter 2 Section 2 All living things are made up of __________. There are structures inside of these cells that have _____________ functions. Plant and animal cells have similar structures, however plant cells have more.

Organelle - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Ex:

4 things all cells have in common 1)_________________________________ 2__________________________________ 3) __________________________________ 4) __________________________________

Plant and Animal Cell Organelles 1) Cell Membrane 2) Cytoplasm 3) Nucleus 4) Ribosomes 5) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) 6)Lysosomes 7) Golgi bodies 8) Mitochondria

1) Cell Membrane Cell Membrane - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Part of the school: _____________________

2) Cytoplasm Cytoplasm - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Part of the school: _____________________________________

3) Nucleus Nucleus - ______________________ ______________________ Part in school: ______________________ Nucleolus - ______________________

4) Ribosomes Ribosomes - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Part in school: _____________________________________

5) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ER - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Part in school: _____________________________________

6) Lysosomes Lysosomes - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Part of school: _____________________________________

7) Golgi Body Golgi Bodies - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Part in school: _____________________________________

8) Mitochondria Mitochondria - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Part in school: _____________________________________

Plant Cell Organelles 3 more than animal cells 1) _________________ 2) _________________ 3) _________________

1) Vacuole Vacuole - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Part of school: _____________________________________

2) Chloroplast Chloroplast - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Part of school: _____________________________________

3) Cell Wall Cell Wall - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Part of school: _____________________________________

Section 2 Check List 1. Name the 4 things ALL cells have in common: 2. ___________ stores water in a plant cell. 3. ______________ is an organelle where DNA is stored in a cell. 4. The part of a cell that is a series of tunnels and pathways that transports materials is the _________________. 5. The ___________ controls what enters and leaves the cell. We say it is “selectively permeable”. 6. _____________ is an organelle that makes proteins, and is manufactured in the nucleus. 7. _____________ is an organelle that is responsible for cleaning waste. 8. This organelle is considered the “powerhouse” of the cell and provides the cell with energy. _________________ 9. This organelle is considered the storage unit of the cell where ribosomes are stored if not used. _______________. 10. The ________________ is a gel-like fluid that holds all the other organelles together.

Viewing Cells Early Microscopes- – Late 1500s the first microscope was invented using 2 magnifying glasses in a tube. – Antonie van Leeuwenhoek made a simple microscope that could magnify up to 270 times.

Modern Microscopes Simple microscope – has only one lens, similar to a magnifying glass. Compound light microscope – has 2 sets of lenses (eyepiece and objective lenses).

Electron Microscope Electron Microscope – uses a magnetic field in a vacuum to direct beams of electrons. – Can magnify up to one million times. – Must be photographed or electronically produced.

Simple Microscope  Compound Microscope  Electron Microscope

Discovery of Cells Robert Hooke – in 1665 he cut a slice of cork and looked under the microscope to see small objects he named cells. Matthias Schleiden – in the 1830s he studied plant cells and concluded that all plants are made up of cells. Theodor Schwann – viewed animal cells and concluded that all animals are made up of cells.

Rudolf Virchow – hypothesized that cells divide to form new cells. – That all cells come from cells that already existed. Cell Theory – all organisms are made up of one or more cells. – cells are the basic unit of organization in organisms. – All cells come from cells.

Summary Robert Hooke – cork is made up of tiny boxes he called “cells”. Mathias Shleiden – all plants are made up of cells. Theodor Schwann – all animals are made up of cells. Rudolf Virchow – cells divide to make new cells. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek – made simple microscope that could magnify 270x

Chapter 3 – Cell Processes Matter – anything that occupies space Energy – holds matter together

Whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas, matter is made up of atoms. Atoms – made up of protons (+), neutrons, and electrons (-). – Ex: Oxygen

Elements Element – made up of only 1 type of atom Can not be broken down to a simpler form. Elements in the Human body: – C – H – O – N

Compounds & Molecules Molecule – atoms of the same element bonded together. – Ex: O 2 Compound – made up of two or more elements in exact proportions. – Ex: water (H 2 0)

Mixtures Mixtures – combination of substances in which individual substances retain their own substances. Can be solids, liquids, gases.

Organic Compounds Organic Compounds – always contain carbon and are associated with living things. 4 groups of organic compounds what make up all living things: – 1) Carbs – 2) Lipids – 3) Proteins – 4) Nucleic Acids

4 groups 1) Carbohydrates – supply energy for cell processes. – Ex: Sugars and Starches 2) Lipids – store and release even larger amounts of energy – Ex: Fats and oils 3) Proteins – made up of amino acids, and are the building blocks for structures. 4) Nucleic Acids – store information in cells – Ex: DNA and RNA

Inorganic Compounds Inorganic compounds – are made of elements other than carbon.

Group Work Importance of Water. – Read pgs 78 and 79. – Discuss with group the importance by citing information from those pages or your own knowledge. – Each person write a well-structured discussion about the importance of water – Pick the best paper from your group – Be ready to argue your point.

Chp 3. Section 2 In order to survive and function properly, cells must take in certain materials and get rid of others. Nutrients and other substances need to move into the cell. Waste must be able to leave the cell.

Diffusion Cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell, but the process of this occurring is called – Diffusion. Diffusion – the process of moving materials in and out of a membrane.

Osmosis When the material is water, we call this process – Osmosis. Osmosis – when water moves in and out of a cell membrane.

Habitat of a cell Cells live in a liquid environment in which materials such as salts and other elements are dissolved at different concentrations. Concentration – measure of how much of one substance is dissolved in a certain amount of another substance. – More crowded = higher concentration – Less crowded = lower concentration – Ex: Sugar and Tea

During diffusion, particles move from areas where they are more concentrated to areas of less concentration. Most membranes are selectively permeable. Selectively permeable – a membrane that allows certain substances to pass through and others not to.

Section 2 1) Passive Transport – movement of substances through the cell membrane without the input of energy. – 3 types: Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion – involve transport proteins that help move substances or particles into and out of a cell

2) Active Transport – when an input of energy is required to move materials through a cell membrane. – Involve transport proteins

Endocytosis – process of taking substances into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane. – Food, substances, particles, materials, etc.

Exocytosis – where substances are released from the inside of the cell to the outside through a vesicle. – Vesicle fuses with cell membrane to release contents.

Chapter 3 – Cell Processes Cell Membrane – _____________________________________ _____________________________________ Selective - _____________________________________ _____________________________________

Diffusion Diffusion –

Osmosis Osmosis -

Habitat of a cell Cells live in a ________________ environment. In this environment there are different ___________________ of materials and substances.

Concentration Concentration - _____________________________________ _____________________________________ – Ex: Sugar and Tea More crowded = _________ concentration Less crowded = _________ concentration

Particles or materials move from areas of __________________ concentration to areas of _________________ concentration.