© Richard Goldman September 18, 2006

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Presentation transcript:

© Richard Goldman September 18, 2006 Module 2 As Science Evolves: The Past, the Present, and the Future Chapter 14 - Pages 15-26 Essentials of Understanding Psychology- Sixth Edition PSY110 Psychology © Richard Goldman September 18, 2006

Psychological Perspectives Early Structuralism Introspection Functionalism Gestalt Psychology Contemporary Neuroscience Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic

Structuralism an Early Perspective Developed by Wilhelm Wundt Set up first psychology laboratory 1879 Studied with a procedure called Introspection Patients were asked about stimuli Focused on the fundamental mental states of: Perception Consciousness Thinking Emotions (and other mental states and activities) Discredited because results were not reproducible

Introspection Subject is presented with stimulus the psychologist then use the subject’s response to describe the mind Discredited because it was not reproducible - not scientific Replaced by Functionalism and Gestalt Psychology

Functionalism an Early Perspective Lead by William James in the early 1900’s Focused on the purpose of consciousness and behavior (how it allowed people to adapt to their environment)

Gestalt Psychology an Early Perspective Improved understanding of perception by viewing a variety of individual elements as a “whole” “The whole is different from the some of its parts”.

Neuroscience A Contemporary Perspective Biologically based – emphasizing the study of: Brain, Never cell, & nervous system Biochemistry & Hormones Medication Inheritance Instinct

Psychodynamic A Contemporary Perspective Sigmund Freud – 1900 Behavior is motivated by inner unconscious forces Psychoanalysis Free Association

Behavioral Behaviorism originated with the work of John B. Watson, an American psychologist -1920. Watson believed that psychological data which did not result from direct observation was useless. Championed by BF Skinner operant conditioning “Skinner Box”

Cognitive How people understand and think

Humanistic People control their own behavior Free will Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Hierarchy of Needs

Issues & Controversies Nature verses Nurture Conscious verses Unconscious motivations Free Will verses Determinism Observable Behavior vs. Mental Processes Universal Principals vs. Individual Differences

Nature vs. Nurture Nature: Nurture Behavior is determined by inheritance Nurture Behavior is determined by environment

Free Will vs. Determinism Behavior is controlled by freely made choices Determinism: Inheritance Instinct Environment Training Behavior is not controlled by free will

Observable Behavior vs. Internal Mental Processes Can be seen by an outside observer Allows easy application of scientific process Internal Mental Processes Critical to understanding mental processes

Universal Principals vs. Individual Differences Behavior and responses that are similar to all humans in all cultures Individual Differences: Individual differences in humans within a culture

End