Nucleic Acids and Genetics Chapter 5 A. P. Biology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School.

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Presentation transcript:

Nucleic Acids and Genetics Chapter 5 A. P. Biology Mr. Knowles Liberty Senior High School

Is Genetics Important to Me?

Genetics Basic unit of heredity- Gene- a linear sequence of nucleotides of DNA. Genotype- genetic make-up of organism; its potential characteristics. Phenotype- the observable physical traits of an organism. The Phenotype is the organism’s physical expression of its Genotype.

Eukaryotes are Diploid Locus - is a gene’s location on the chromosome. Allele- an alternative form of a gene at a specific locus. Eukaryotes have pairs of identical chromosomes- diploid. May have two alleles of a gene. Prokaryotes are not diploid.

When good DNA goes Bad! A permanent change in the sequence of nucleotides - mutation. Mutations change the information of that gene. DNA- function is to store and transfer information.

Mistakes in DNA -->Mutations

How is DNA Accurately Transferred? DNA serves as a template for its own replication; an exact pattern. How, you ask? By base pairing.

What is a Nucleotide? Subunits of DNA/RNA are Nucleotides = nitrogenous base + deoxy- or ribose sugar (5 carbons) + PO 4 Purines: Adenine and Guanine Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine, Uracil

Monosaccharides of Nucleic Acids

Adenosine Monophosphate Base = adenine In DNA, sugar = deoxyribose (In RNA, sugar = ribose) A phosphate group, PO 4 The Nucleotide = AMP

Adenosine Monophosphate

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Guanosine Monophosphate

Thymine Monophosphate

Cytosine Monophosphate

Uracil Monophosphate (in RNA)

Base Pairing Rules In DNA, A = T C G In RNA, A = U C G

H-Bonding Between Bases

Characteristics of DNA Chains of nucleotides linked together by phosphodiester bonds. Carbon 5 of deoxyribose is attached to PO 4. Carbon 3 of deoxyribose is a OH- free to attach to the next nucleotide. Double helix is held together by H- bonding.

Double Helix DNA is antiparallel: 5’PO ’OH 3’OH ’PO 4

The 3-D Structure of DNA

DNA Replication Begins at a specific location on the circular bacterial chromosome-origin (OriC). Occurs in two directions at the same time-two moving replication forks- points where the two strands separate to allow replication of DNA.

Bring on DNA Replication!

Replication, must I see!

Replication Fork

Show me the Replication!

DNA Replication

Prokaryotes single, circular chromosome. one single origin on the chromosome. rate of over 1,000 nt/second. Eukaryotes multiple, linear chromosomes. several origins on each chromosome. rate of about nt/second