F4CHEMISTRY INTRODUCTION ELEMENTS COMPOUNDS

CHEMISTRY MATTER (SUBSTANCE) CHANGE (REACTION) Study of

MATTER METAL & NON-METAL

CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS METAL: characteristic properties NON-METAL: characteristic properties METALLOID: characteristic properties

ELEMENTS & SYMBOLS 1Hydrogen^ H11Sodium 2Helium^He12magnesium 3Lithium**Li13Aluminium 4Beryllium**Be14Silicon 5(Boron)B15Phosphorus 6Carbon^C16Sulphur 7Nitrogen^N17Chlorine 8Oxygen^O18Argon 9Fluorine^F19Potassium 10Neon^Ne20Calcium metals**non-metals^(semi-metals) ( ar/index.html)

ELEMENTS & SYMBOLS (cont) BROMINESILVER IODINEGOLD IRONMERCURY COPPERPLATINUM ZINCTIN LEADBARIUM metals**non-metals^(semi-metals) ( s/scholar/index.html)

ELEMENTS (PROPERTIES) METALS Shiny,strong SOLIDConductor (heat) Conductor (electricity)change shape Solids (high melting point/ boiling point) (mercury is liquid) NON-METALS SOLID, LIQUID, GAS (low mp, bp)Insulator (carbon has very high melting point) (carbon is a good conductor of electricity) SEMI-METALS Semi-conductor of electricity

CLASSIFICATION OF COMPOUND IONIC COMPOUND:characteristic properties MOLECULAR COMPOUND / COVALENT COMPOUND: characteristic properties

COMPOUNDS & FORMULAE IONIC COMPOUND - Sodium chloride (NaCl) - Magnesium oxide (MgO) - Calcium chloride (CaCl 2 ) COVALENT COMPOUND - Water (H 2 O) - Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) - Ammonia (NH 3 )

COMPOUNDS (PROPERTIES) IONIC COMPOUNDS Hard SOLID (high melting point/ boiling point) ELECTROLYTE Insulator of electricity Soluble in water MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS SOLID, LIQUID, GAS (low mp, bp) INSULATOR of heat and electricity Soluble in non-polar solvent (hexane)

CHANGE PHYSICAL CHANGE:CHANGE OF STATE CHEMICAL CHANGE: CHANGE OF SUBSTANCE (FORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCE)

INVESTIGATING CHEMICAL CHANGE EXPERIMENTS:OBSERVATION OF CHANGE (MACROSCOPIC WORLD) EXPLANATION: NATURE OF MATTER - PARTILCES (MICROSCOPIC WORLD)

CHEMICAL CHANGE (EXPLANATION) FORMATION OF NEW SUBSTANCE (PARTICLES IN THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD): -BREAKING / FORMATION OF BONDS -RE-ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS -MOVEMENT OF ELECTRONS

PARTICLES IN THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD ATOM: BASIC UNIT(UNSTABLE PARTICLE) MOLECULE: STABLE PARTICLE (OF ATOMS) ION: STABLE PARTICLE (FROM ATOMS)

THE ATOM (model) ATOM (NUCLEUS ) NEUTRONS(n) PROTONS(p) ELECTRONS(e)

STABLE PARTICLES (FROM ATOM) n,p,e + ION - MOLECULE (stable) ATOM B ATO M A CATION (stable) ANION (stable)

MATTER AND PARTICLES ATOM MOLECULECATION ANION MOLECULE

BOND (BINDING FORCE BETWEEN PARTICLES) METALLIC BOND: BINDING METAL ATOMS (METAL) COVALENT BOND: BINDING NON-METAL ATOMS (MOLECULE) IONIC BOND: BINDING CATIONS & ANIONS (IONIC COMPOUND)

NAME (SYMBOL / FORMULA) ELEMENT COMPOUND ION (SYMBOL) (FORMULA)

SIMPLE IONS (FORMULA) HYDROGEN (H + ) LITHIUM (Li + ) SODIUM (Na + ) MAGNESIUM (Mg ++ ) ALUMINIUM (Al +++ ) POTASSIUM (K + ) CALCIUM (Ca ++ ) OXIDE (O -- )BROMIDE (Br - ) FLUORIDE (F - ) IODIDE (I - ) SULPHIDE (S -- ) CHLORIDE (Cl - )

CATIONS (FORMULAE) Iron(II)(Fe ++ ) Iron(III)(Fe +++ ) Copper(I)(Cu + ) Copper(II) (Cu ++ ) Zinc(Zn ++ ) Lead(II)(Pb ++ ) Silver(Ag + ) Ammonium(NH 4 + ) HYDROGEN(H + )

ANIONS (FORMULAE) Hydroxide(OH - ) Nitrate(NO 3 - ) Sulphate(SO 4 2- ) Carbonate(CO 3 2- ) Hydrogensulphate(HSO 4 - ) Hydrogencarbonate(HCO 3 - ) Nitrite(NO 2 - ) Sulphite(SO 3 2- ) Permanganate(MnO 4 - ) Dichromate(Cr 2 O 7 2- )

FORMULAE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS FORMULA:CATION x ANION Y x:smallest number of cations y:smallest number of anions So that the charges balance one another: (x)(no. of + charge) = (y)(no. of – charge)

FORMULAE OF IONIC COMPOUNDS (cont) FORMULA:CATION x ANION Y Na + Cl - x=1y=1 K + O 2- x=2y=1 Ca 2+ Cl - x=1y=2 Mg 2+ O 2- x=1y=1

IONIC COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE) IONIC COMPOUND(CATION x ANION Y ) Sodium chloride(NaCl) Potassium oxide(K 2 O) Calcium chloride(CaCl 2 ) Magnesium oxide(MgO) Zinc sulphate(ZnSO 4 ) Copper(II) chloride(CuCl 2 ) Ammonium nitrate(NH 4 NO 3 )

IONIC COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE) – cont. Iron(II) nitrateFe(NO 3 ) 2 Iron(III) sulphateFe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Calcium hydroxideCa(OH) 2 Sodium carbonateNa 2 CO 3 Zinc hydroxideZn(OH) 2 Aluminium chlorideAlCl 3 Aluminium oxideAl 2 O 3 Aluminium sulphateAl 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Ammonium nitrateNH 4 NO 3 Ammonium sulphate(NH 4 ) 2 SO 4

COVALENT COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE) Water(H 2 O) Carbon dioxide(CO 2 ) Carbon monoxide(CO) Ammonia(NH 3 ) Methane(CH 4 ) Silicon dioxide(SiO 2 ) Sulphur dioxide(SO 2 ) Sulphur trioxide(SO 3 )

COVALENT COMPOUNDS (FORMULAE) – cont. Hydrogen chlorideHClgas Hydrochloric acidHClaqueous Sulphuric acidH 2 SO 4 Nitric acidHNO 3 Ethanoic acidCH 3 CO 2 H Citric acidC 6 H 8 O 7 EthanolC 2 H 5 OH GlucoseC 6 H 12 O 6 Carbonic acidH 2 CO 3 Nitrogen monoxideNO Nitrogen dioxideNO 2

MOLECULES OF ELEMENTS & COMPOUNDS H 2 CCO 2 SiO 2

CHEMICAL TESTS OXYGEN CARBON DIOXIDE WATER CATIONS – FLAME TEST ANION (CHLORIDE) ANION (CARBONATE)