Objective Assessment of Personality II Pertemuan 2 Matakuliah: Psikologi Diagnostik Tahun: 2010

Bina Nusantara University 3 Trait Theory of Personality A trait is any readily-identifiable, stable quality that characterizes an individual from other individuals Traits serve three major functions: –To summarize, predict, and explain a person’s conduct A predisposition to respond in a particular way to a broad range of situations

Bina Nusantara University 4 Basic Assumptions Traits present specific ideas about a person’s disposition (the way a person is likely to behave across situations as well as over time) Individuals can be characterized in terms of relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions Traits can be quantitatively assessed Traits show some degree of cross situational consistency

Theorists Gordon Allport Raymond B. Cattell Hans J. Eyesnck * Paul T. Costa & Robert R. McCrae * Bina Nusantara University 5

Hans J. Eysenck Focused on higher levels of trait organization called types Types incorporate lower-level elements (traits); Each trait incorporates even lower-order qualities (habits) Eysenck argues that all personality traits can be grouped under three dimensions: –Extraversion characterizes people based on their orientation toward external sources of stimulations from the environment versus an orientation inward at the opposite extreme. –Psychotism includes a disposition toward psychosis and a degree of sociopathy. –Neuroticism is basically a measure of emotional stability- instability. Eysenck Personality Scales : EPQ-R and EPP

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised (EPQ-R) Contains 100 items to measure the three personality dimensions of extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism, as well as the lie scale. A dichotomous response format “Yes” or “No.” Examples of items are: –Extraversion “Do you like telling jokes and funny stories to your friends?” (positively scored item). “Do you prefer reading to meeting people?” (negatively scored item). –Neuroticism “Are you a worrier?” (positively scored item). –Psychoticism “Do you enjoy hurting people you love?” (positivelyscored item). Would it upset you a lot to see a child or an animal suffer? (negatively scored item). –Social Desirability (L) “Are you always willing to admit when you have made a mistake?” (positively scored item). “Have you ever cheated at a game?” (negatively scored item). Bina Nusantara University 7

Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP) Like the EPQ-R, the EPP measures the three main personality dimensions of E, N, and P and has a lie scale EPP uses facet scales to measure each of the main dimensions. The three main dimensions and their facets are (with three-letter abbreviations in parentheses): –Extraversion: Activity (ACT), Sociability (SOC), Assertiveness (ASS), Expressiveness (EXP), Ambition (AMB), Dogmatism (DOG), Aggressiveness (AGG). –Neuroticism: Inferiority (INF), Unhappiness (UNH), Anxiety (ANX), Dependence (DEP), Hypochondria (HYP), Guilt (GUI), Obsessiveness (OBS). –Psychoticism: Risk-Taking (RIS), Impulsivity (IMP), Irresponsibility (IRR), Manipulativeness (MAN), SensationSeeking (SEN), Tough- Mindedness (TOU), Practicality (PRA). Bina Nusantara University 8

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The Big Five Personality Traits Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness The study of language –Clusters of associated words used to describe personality characteristics The study of personality questionnaires and ratings –Factors indicated on surveys –Five Factor Model (FFM)

Bina Nusantara University 11 Differences Between the Big Five and the Five Factor Model Five Factor Model is an interpretation of Big Five Factors –FFM asserts that we can describe personality in terms of five broad categories, each of which includes specific attributes –Suggests differences among people in these dimensions are Stable Genetic Due to internal mechanism Applications of the Big Five and The Five Factor Model and Theory: Job performance, job satisfaction, personality disorders, determines types of therapy

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Bina Nusantara University 13 The Five Factor Model : Measure The NEO Personality Inventory - Revised (NEO PI-R) Measures five broad domains (factors) and 30 narrower facets (6 subtraits comprise each of the BIG 5 domains) Each facet is measured by 8 items Scales have good reliability and validity across different data sources (e.g., ratings by peers or spouses) NEO-PI-R correlated with other BIG 5 measures

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