Stephen Springer Nolan Wool

Movement Posture Fluid Propulsion Generate Heart Beat

Skeletal Muscle Tissue Nervous Tissue Blood Connective Tissue

 Cylindrical  Sarcolemma  covering  Sarcoplasm  cytoplasm  Myofibrils  Myosin  Actin

 Stimulus travels from: Brain Neuron Neuron Motor Muscle Axon End Plate

 Thick  Heads/Cross bridges  Thin  Binding Sites MyosinActin

1. Heads of myosin attach to binding sites of actin 2. Myosin heads swivel 3. ATP releases myosin heads 4. Muscle relaxes

 Calcium binds to troponin  Tropomyosin pulls aside  Binding sites on actin exposed Calcium released from sarcoplasmic reticulum exposes the binding sites

 Myosin heads bind to actin  Power stroke occurs (swivel of heads)  Muscle contraction occurs

 ATP binds to myosin  Linkage is released  ATP splits into ADP and Phosphorous  Causes the myosin head to cock back  Cycle continues*  *If there are ATP & Calcium Ions

Energy:  Glycolysis anaerobic  Cellular Respiration aerobic ATP Contraction

Glycolysis  Fast-twitch muscle  Oxygen Debt  Lactic acid build up  +2 ATP Cellular Respiration  Slow-twitch muscle  Includes the process of Glycolysis  +34 ATP Definition: When a muscle is exercised strenuously for a prolonged period and loses its ability to contract. Cause:  Low pH  Accumulation of Lactic Acid

Definition: A painful condition in which a muscle undergoes a sustained involuntary contraction Causes:  Lack of ATP  Changes in extracellular fluid  Uncontrolled stimulation

Zygomaticus Sternocleidomastoid Rectus Abdominus External Oblique Frontalis Trapezius Deltiod Pectoralis Major Biceps Bracii Gracilis Adductor Longus Sartorius Rectus Femoris Vastus Lateralis Gastrocnemius Soleus Fibularis Longus Extensor Digitorum Longus Tibialis Anterior Expeliarmis *Harry Potter

Occipitalis Sternocleidomastoid Trapezius Infraspinatud Deltoid Teres Major Rhomboideus Latissimus Dorsi Gluteus Medius Gluteus Maximus Adductor Magnus Semitendinosus Semimembranosus Biceps Femorous Calcaneal Tendon Fibularis Longus Gostrocnemius Soleus Gluteus Maximus Nobody Cares Triceps Bracii Brachialis

Origin: The immovable end of a muscle Insertion: The moveable end of a muscle

Antagonists:  Resist prime mover Prime Mover (agonist):  Mainly responsible for movement Synergists:  Helper muscles

Muscle Tone:  Nerve impulses continuously sent from spinal cord Recruitment:  Increases number of active muscle fibers  Summation or Tetanic Increase of weight

Summation:  Combined individual twitches  Eventual relaxation Sustained Contraction (tetanic):  Combined individual twitches  Doesn’t relax  Rigor mortis

Myotonic Dystrophy—An Expanding Gene:  Stronger and more threatening with each generation  RNA too large to leave nucleas, gets copied, passed to next generation continuously  Weakness of limbs Hereditary Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy:  Actin not anchored to z-line properly  Causes the heart chambers to enlarge and eventually fail