HOW DO YOU DEFINE DRUG ABUSE AND DRUG MISUSE? Drug abuse is a form of drug-taking behavior that results in some form of physical, mental, or social impairment. Drug misuse is a form of drug-taking behavior in which a prescription or nonprescription (over-the-counter) drug is used inappropriately.

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Injection (intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection) Inhalation (smoking) Oral administration (by mouth) Absorption through the skin or membranes (intranasal sniffing, sublingual absorption, rectal suppository, transdermal patch)

SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE DSM-IV CRITERIA At least 3 out of the following must apply within the past year: Tolerance Withdrawal Unintentional overuse Persistent desire or efforts to control drug use Preoccupation with the drug Reduction or abandonment of important social, occupational, or recreational activities in order to engage in drug use Continued drug use despite major drug-related problems Symptoms must have persisted for more than a month or occurred repeatedly over a longer period of time.

SUBSTANCE ABUSE DSM-IV CRITERIA At least one of the following must apply within the past year: Recurrent drug use resulting in a failure to fulfill major obligations at work, school, or home Recurrent drug use in situations in which use is physically hazardous Recurrent drug-related legal problems, such as arrest for disorderly conduct or drug-related behavior Continued drug use despite the knowledge of persistent social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems that would be caused or made more difficult by the use of the drug Note: The person must have never met the criteria for substance dependence for this particular drug.

ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION Oral administration (by mouth) Injection (intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous injection) Inhalation (smoking) Absorption through the skin or membranes (intranasal sniffing, sublingual absorption, rectal suppository, transdermal patch)

DRUG USE PREVALENCE RATES FOR U.S. HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS IN 2005 Over the previous 30 days: Alcohol --- 47 percent Binge drinking --- 28 percent At least 1 cigarette every day --- 14 percent At least a half-pack every day --- 7 percent

PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR DRUG USE An intact and positive home environment — strong parent-child attachment A positive educational experience — aspirations/expectations to go to college Conventional peer relationships — social conforming attitudes among peers Positive attitudes and beliefs — high self-esteem

RISK FACTORS FOR MARIJUANA USE At least a few close friends tried or used marijuana Was ever offered marijuana Friends not very upset if tried marijuana once or twice Marijuana easy to get Perception of not great risk for monthly marijuana use

FAMILY DYNAMICS AND DRUG ABUSE Stages in the family reaction: denial, anger, bargaining, feeling, acceptance Enabling behaviors as obstacles to rehabilitation Survival roles and coping mechanisms

PREVENTION AND TREATMENT IN THE WORKPLACE Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) Drug testing in the workplace Economic costs of AOD abuse Impact of drug-free workplace policies

FINDING THE BEST TREATMENT PROGRAM Inpatient versus outpatient treatment Pharmacological versus psychotherapy or counseling Self-help groups versus individualized treatment Length of treatment program Aftercare in terms of half-way or recovery houses

“ALCOHOL 101” PROGRAMS AlcoholEdu --- a web-based online course AlcoholEdu for Sanctions --- an intervention program for students who have violated academic policies on alcohol use

WHERE YOU CAN GO FOR HELP Yellow pages of the telephone book, under “Alcoholism Information” or “Drug Abuse and Addiction Information” National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (NCADI), accessed through its web site at www.health.org.