Essential Vocabulary 1 Chapt 7, Sect 1 1. First Continental Congress 2. Minutemen 3. Battle of Lexington & Concord (pg 185) 4. Redcoats 5. Second Continental Congress 6. Continental Army 7. George Washington 8. Olive Branch Petition 9. Battle of Bunker Hill

Essential Vocabulary 2 Chapt 7 Sects 2 & 3 1. Thomas Paine 2. Common Sense 3. Enlightenment (Review) 4. John Locke (Review) 5. Montesquieu (Review) 6. Thomas Jefferson 7. Declaration of Independence 8. Unalienable Rights 9. King George III of England 10. Patriots 11. Loyalists 12. Patrick Henry 13. Mercenaries 14. Molly Pitcher

Essential Vocabulary 3 Chapt 7, Sects 4 & 5 1. Battle of Trenton 2. Battle of Saratoga 3. Marquis de Lafayette 4. Valley Forge (pg 206) 5. Friedrick von Steuben 6. Guerrilla Warfare 7. Francis Marion 8. Battle of Yorktown 9. Treaty of Paris of General Cornwallis-a commander of the British army during American Revolution who surrendered to Washington at Yorktown

Chapter 7, Section 1 Review: Why were the British in so much debt in the Americas? As a result of that debt, what laws were the British passing that angered the colonists? Who were some of the leaders of the colonists?

First Continental Congress & Shot Heard Round the World First Continental met in Philadelphia All colonies represented except Georgia Recommended colonist continue to boycott British goods Review: Define Boycott Colonists got their militias ready Define Militia Example of a militia: Minutemen- militia in Boston-ready to fight on minute’s notice Sons of Liberty and Paul Revere send word to Concord, Massachusetts that British troops (Redcoats-for their uniforms) marching toward them Colonists’ militia and British Redcoats fought Redcoats continued to Boston but retreated when militia met them there 250 Redcoats died that day Fewer than 100 colonists died Colonists have to decide what to do next

Second Continental Congress Originally colonists were not going to try to break away from England However, colonists would form an army: Continental Army Chose George Washington to lead the army Signed the Olive Branch Petition: an offer of peace to King George III of England George rejected the peace offer Last try to keep the peace FIGHTING FOLLOWS! Early Battles Fort Ticonderoga-New York-colonists win a supply of weapons Battle of Bunker Hill: Massachusetts near Breed’s Hill: colonists ran out of ammunition and had to retreat but not until after killing 1000 Redcoats to just 400 colonists deaths Important because Colonists know they can defeat the British! British gain new respect for colonists

Section 2-Declaring Independence Thomas Payne writes Common Sense Written in a style that most colonists could understand Argues that America should break away from England Argues in favor of the Social Contract Review: Define Social Contract What political movement advocated the Social Contract Who were some of the leaders of that movement?

Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson primary author Used the ideas of John Lock Man has three natural rights (or unalienable rights): life, liberty and pursuit of Happiness If government violates these rights, the people have the right and duty to overthrow their government Jefferson listed many ways that the king of England had violated the colonists’ unalienable rights Declared independence for American colonies

Colonists must choose sides America or Great Britain Patriots : those loyal to America and the colonists Loyalists : those who remain loyal to Great Britain Many loyalists flee to Canada Review: why Canada? Other reactions to the Declaration of Independence Abigail Adams unhappy the document ignored the rights of women Some upset the document ignored African slaves New England colonies starting to outlaw slavery: Massachusetts in 1783 By 1784 rest of New England colonies ended slavery Review: List the New England colonies

Section 3: Dark Hours for the Revolution Great Britain is winning Why does it make sense that England won many battles? What did the colonists have in their favor?

A Call to Arms: The Continental Army Review: Who led the Continental Army? What was the nickname of Britain’s army? Can Slaves join the army? Colonists decided not to allow slaves to fight in army British reacted by guaranteeing freedom to any slaves who fought for Great Britain Colonists responded by allowing free Africans to join Who else helps the colonists? Some native tribes help Some women aid the soldiers (Example: Molly Pitcher) Later some other European nations will send help…

Section 4-The Beginning of the War Review: At what battle did the Americans gain some hope that they could defeat the British? However, began losing battles at Quebec -leading colonists to forever give up hopes of taking British Canada In New York, George Washington was driven out of New York But the tide turns…at New Jersey Battle of Trenton-Washington defeated British mercenaries (men from another country hired to fight-in this case it was Germans hired to fight the patriots) Battle of Princeton-another victory for the Patriots

Turning point at Saratoga Patriots defeat British again- major turning point in the war Boosted the morale of the Patriots Increased Foreign support for Patriots Foreign Allies come to help the Americans They were England’s enemies and wanted to see one of her colonies become independent France sends Marquis de Lafayette Poland sends two engineers-Tadeusz Kosciuszko and Kazimierz Pulaski—they bring much needed military strategy Spain’s governor of Spanish Louisiana aids Patriots

Winter at Valley Forge Continental Army running low on supplies Washington’s army spent the winter of at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania More than 1/5 of his men died of disease and malnutrition Luckily for Washington a German mercenary helped the army gain skills and morale for the rest of the war

Losses in the South  Savannah fell to the British  Charleston fell to the British  General Gates, famous general from Saratoga, was attacked at Camden, SC  His troops, tired and hungry, fell under British pressure  The only way for the South to fight the British in the south was guerilla warfare: quick, hit and run fightingerilla warfare  Francis Marion was a great leader at surprise attacks

Tide turns again: victory for patriots at Yorktown! The British were winning in 1781 British General Cornwallis moved in for the kill in Virginia Washington worked with the French and surrounded Cornwallis at Yorktown French Navy took Chesapeake Bay Washington’s troops surrounded Yorktown Washington laid siege to the town After weeks of siege, British surrender

Treaty of Paris of 1783 ends the war American delegation led by Benjamin Franklin and John Adams After two years of negotiation, American delegates and British come to agreement to end war Treaty of Paris of 1783 New national borders: North: Great Lakes West: Mississippi River South: 31 Parallel Americans could settle and trade west of the original 13 colonies