Human Trafficking and Statistics: The State of the Art International Organization for Migration Human Trafficking and Statistics: The State of the Art Heikki Mattila, Research and Publications Division IOM Geneva, Switzerland

Forms of Trafficking in Persons Sexual Exploitation Forced Labour - Sweatshops Marriages Children - Domestic Work Begging Textile Workshops Mining Agriculture Fishing Camel Racing Adoptions Organ Removals

Global Estimates U.S. State Department, Trafficking in Persons Report 2004: 600,000 – 800,000 men, women and children trafficked yearly European Commission 2001: 120,000 people trafficked into EU each year Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) 2000: 200,000 women and children trafficked to OSCE countries each year ILO 2002: 1.2 million children trafficked worldwide

Definition “Trafficking in persons” shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.  Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs;”

Issues & Areas Security Poverty Globalization Unemployment Labour Markets Human Rights Health Poverty Unemployment Governance Gender Equality Crime Migration

Types of Data Indicators – Numbers of victims Routes; Profiles & Modi Operandi of traffickers Profiles of victims

Current Data Collection Authorities: Social, Police, Immigration, Judiciary Administrative data on assisted victims NGOs & IGOs: Assisted cases Research: Samples

Obstacles Clandestine Phenomenon Access to victims difficult Reluctance of victims to report Many players – fragmentary datasets Difficult to distinguish in practice from smuggling, other exploitation, other prostitution Taboos No capacity nor tasking to collect data Comparability: Differing Divisions of Labour Comparability: No systematic exchange of information between agencies & countries

UNODC Database Sources: Statistics, Research, NGOs, Media 500 Sources, 4,500 “cases” Type of Trafficking; Countries; Profiles of Victims and Offenders; Prosecution Statistics Country of Origin: Ukraine, Russia, Nigeria, Albania, Romania Country of Destination; US, EU, Japan; Asia CEEC, Africa Victims: 83% women, 4% men, 48% children Type of Exploitation: 92% sexual exploitation 21% forced labour

IOM Database Results as of July 2004 2791 victims 35 nationalities 7 top nationalities: Mol,Rom,Ukr,Bel,Bul,DomRep,Rus Age: 13% under 18 years/ 72% under 24/ 90% under 30 50% worked 45% earned less than $50/month 57% earned less than $100/month 10% are married, 17% divorced or separated, 61% single Single mothers: Mold: 26.50%, Ukr.: 32.3%, Dom.Rep.: 72.90% 46% of all known recruiters are females

Suggestions Better analysis of existing data Better identification of indicators Assistance & capacity building for more systematic data collection Guidelines for harmonization National coordinators Regional coordination