Homeland Security, First Edition © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Political and Social Foundations of Terrorism CHAPTER 5

Homeland Security, First Edition Gaines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-2 Understanding Terrorism and Its Potential Impact on the United States Terrorism Roots Terrorism History Terrorism Motivation Terrorism Political and Social Implications

Homeland Security, First Edition Gaines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-3 Defining Terrorism Socially Constructed With Various Definitions of the Term Can Originate From a Variety of Sources or Directions Important to Develop an Operational Definition

Homeland Security, First Edition Gaines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-4 Definition of Terrorism by Agencies : Federal Bureau of Investigations U.S. Department of Defense U.S. Department of State

Homeland Security, First Edition Gaines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-5 Four Consistent Themes That Define Terrorism: Terrorism Involves Premeditation Terrorist Acts Are Motivated by Some Political Agenda Terrorist Generally Target Noncombatants or Civilians Terrorist are Generally Sub-national or Clandestine Groups

Homeland Security, First Edition Gaines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-6 Configuration of a Particular Terrorist Group is Dependent On: Environment Relationship With the State Motivation Goals

Homeland Security, First Edition Gaines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-7 A Brief History of Terrorism Early Focus of Terrorism The French Revolution Late 19 th and Early 20 th Century Terrorism Terrorism in Late 20 th Century Terrorism Today

Homeland Security, First Edition Gaines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-8 The Roots and Causes of Terrorism Civilizations or Culture Clashes Globalization Religion Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Russian Invasion of Afghanistan

Homeland Security, First Edition Gaines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5-9 Individual Explanations of Terrorism Frustration – Aggression Relative Deprivation Negative Identity Narcissistic Rage Moral Disengagement

Homeland Security, First Edition Gaines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Types of Terrorism State-Sponsored Terrorism Dissent Terrorism Terrorists and the Left and Right Religious Terrorism Criminal Terrorism

Homeland Security, First Edition Gaines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Level of Terrorist Activities Number of Attacks and Their Impacts Number of Casualties as a Result of Attacks Attacks in Iraq and Afghanistan

Homeland Security, First Edition Gaines © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Strategies for Dealing With Terrorism Crushing Terrorist Groups Unilaterally Crushing Terrorist Groups Multilaterally Containment Defense Diversion Delegitimizing Transforming Terrorist Breeding Grounds