Agencies and Surveillance Authority SNFI 2015

Agencies and Surveillance Authority 1.Civics 101, Courts, and the Constitution 2.Executive Agencies 3.PATRIOT Act

Checks and Balances

Executive agencies CIA – Central Intelligence Agency NSA – National Security Agency FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation

Central Intelligence Agency Purpose: foreign intelligence through clandestine operations “active intelligence” Objectives: Counter-intelligence Counter terrorism Nonproliferation Cyber intelligence

Federal Bureau of Investigation Purpose: domestic intelligence and law enforcement Active-surveillance Objectives: Coordination law enforcement COINTELPRO

National Security Agency Purpose: signal intelligence (SIGNIT) “passive-intelligence” Objectives: Global monitoring Data collection and processing

Supreme Court Decisions and other Landmark Decisions Berger V. New York (1967) Katz v. United States (1967) Keith v DC of the Eastern District of Michigan and the United States (1972) Watergate (1972) Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (1978) Executive Order 12333

Patriot Act Cases Section 203 Section 206 Section 213 Section 215 Title III Section 505

Section 203 “Information Wall” Sections 203(b) and 203(d) Amended the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedures regarding grand jury proceedings Privacy Implications Sharing intercepted communications without a court order Mission Creep/Potential for Abuse Counterterrorism Lack of criteria Mass, indiscriminate information sharing

Section 206 Roving Surveillance “FISA Wiretaps” FISA Wiretaps vs. Criminal Wiretaps Privacy Intel agencies do not have to specify the target or location of surveillance “John Doe” wiretaps 2005 FBI incident Reforms Narrow search requirements “Ascertainment” provision

Section 213 “Sneak and Peek” Searches Delayed search warrant notifications Extensive form of domestic surveillance Counterterrorism vs. Criminal Investigations Privacy trade-off 4 th Amendment concerns Rate of Use Substantial increase since 2002

Section 213

Section 215 Metadata Collection Metadata vs. Content USA FREEDOM Act Reforms Scope of the program “Dragnet operation” Counterterrorism Counter-productive Privacy Metadata is very revealing Misuse/Abuse

Title III Anti-Terrorism Financing Restrictions Requires financial institutions to impose strict anti-money laundering measures Suspicious Activity Reports Financial Privacy Counterterrorism Effectiveness Hard to track Difficult to prevent Organized Crime Bulk cash smuggling Mexican DTOs (drug trafficking organizations)

Section 505 National Security Letters Allows the FBI to subpoena business records Gag order Privacy Scope of NSLs High use rate Misuse/Abuse Reforms Impact of the USA FREEDOM Act President’s Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies

FISA, FISC and Section 702 Section 702 FAA of 2008 Domestic surveillance couched as foreign surveillance Poor government oversight Substantial NSA discretion Millions of Americans swept up by Sec. 702 searches Current Reforms/FISC Ineffective Fourth Amendment “Special Needs” doctrine “Incidental Collection”/Minimization Requirements

FISC and Section 702 Article III Lack of adversary process Cases and Controversies

Implications of Sec. 702 Privacy “Incidental collection” “Backdoor searches” Content Collection/Storage PRISM NSA program Privacy Internet/Cloud Computing

Leaked Information

NSA Reform “Rogue Agency” NSA Surveillance Programs Metadata (Section 215) PRISM/Electronic Content Collection (Section 702) Project Bullrun