Fig. 7-15, p.182 Single cell model: simple but not good enough, e.g., our surface winds do not flow N-S. We really do need to include Earth’s rotation and land masses in a more complex model sun Unequal heating of surface by the Sun (the beginning of ALL weather). Uneven energy input is redistributed by atmosphere and oceans convective cell

Fig. 7-16, p.183 Three cell model: much better, but not perfect. Here we “allow” rotation, but still have ocean-covered planet. Land masses obscure this predicted three-cell pattern. Must be an odd number of cells: what goes up at beginning of first cell must be “balanced” by what comes down at end of last cell. Could be 1, 3, 5, etc. Three on Earth dictated by rotation speed. On Venus, where rotation is very slow, only one cell develops. Predicted surface winds after PGF and CF included

Fig. 7-15b, p.182 Minot, N. Dakota (48 N) Tucson, Arizona (32 N) easterlies westerlies

Fig. 7-17a, p.184 Subtropical high Subpolar low (shows up as a trough, as predicted) Subpolar low Equatorial low

Fig. 7-17b, p.185 Pacific H has moved N. and W. allowing sinking, warming air to subside along Pacific coast Bermuda H. has moved S. and W. driving air to thermal low over AZ and setting up conditions for monsoons For more about the monsoon see

Fig. 7-18, p.186

Fig. 7-19, p.187 Elevated inversion due to sinking air from Ferrel cell, which warms as it compresses on the way down to the surface (see Fig ).

Fig. 7-20, p.187 During summer, the eastern edge of the Pacific High is well situated to force sinking warming air down over Los Angeles causing a strong elevated inversion that prevents convection and clouds/rain (see Fig. 7.17b).

Fig. 7-21, p.187 Polar low

Fig. 7-22, p.188

Fig. 7-23, p.189

Fig. 7-24, p.190 For us, the following are the most important ocean currents: 1) Gulf Stream 2) North Atlantic Drift 3) Newfoundland Current 9) South Equatorial Current 16) California Current 17) Peru (Humbolt) Current

Table 7-2, p.190

Fig. 7-25, p.191 If the CA current brings cold water down from Alaska then why is the coldest water halfway down the coast and not further north? Answer – upwelling. Cold CA current

Fig. 7-26, p.191 Upwelling of very cold water from the bottom of the Pacific is evident off San Francisco Coriolis “force” causes ocean current to deflect to the right, i.e., offshore

Fig. 7-27, p.193 ENSO = El Nino/Southern Oscillation (in atmospheric pressure and wind direction)

Fig. 7-28, p.194 Current sea surface temperature animation: 97/98 El Nino animation: “Temperature anomaly” scale

Fig. 7-29, p.195 Very weak ENSO this winter: warmer/wetter conditions to SE AZ

Table 7-1, p.168