Lecture 2: AIRSIDE PART 1 By: Zuliana Ismail

Learning Outcome Student is able to: Describe runway types and identifications. Describe taxiway types and how to identify. Explain airport signs, airport lightings Describe about weather facilities. Explain main navigational aids system.

Definition AIRSIDE is an area on the airport surface intended to be used for Aircraft Operations. AIRSIDE SERVICES Facilities associated with the movement of the airplanes on the airports surface.

Airside Facilities AIRSIDE FACILITIES RUNWAY NAVIGATIONAL AIDS TAXIWAY WEATHER DETECTOR The airside installations, operation and its effective management are vital for every airport. APRON AIRSIDE SIGNAGE

Runway Orientation Length Other dimensions Protection Declared distances Pavement Markings Lighting Runway

1. Runways A defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and take-off of aircraft.

Runway Markings Precision Runway (P) Non-Instrument Runway (NI) Non-Precision Runway (NP)

Intended solely for aircraft operation using visual approach procedure Runway Markings Non-Instrument runway Non precision Instrument Precision Instrument marking Having an instrument approach procedure using a precision instrument landing system, ILS or precision approach radar (PAR) which provides both horizontal and vertical guidance to the runway Intended solely for aircraft operation using visual approach procedure Having an instrument approach procedure using air navigation facility with only horizontal guidance

Precision Runway (P) Aiming point Touchdown zone Designators Threshold Aiming point: Visual aiming point for a landing aircraft. Touchdown zone: landing airplanes first contact the runway. Threshold: Beginning of runway for landing.

Runway Markings Runway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning of the runway that is available for landing. Runway Designators: Shows the magnetic heading Runway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment guidance during takeoff and landings. Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft. Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the touchdown zone for landing operations 10

RWY Designators Identified by a two digit number according to their magnetic heading. The angle is measured from magnetic north and is divided by 10 and rounded to the nearest integer. Example: RWY with a magnetic heading of 340° is marked as RWY 34. Each runway can be used in either direction, and hence has two numbers, each 18 apart. Example: (34-18=16), so the other runway marked as RWY 16 Runways are defined by their orientations with respect to magnetic north. The angle from magnetic north is divided by 10 and rounded to the nearest integer. The lower n umber is always indentified first

RWY Designators Each digit is pronounced separately for clarity in radio communications. Example: Runway 36 is pronounced as Three Six. For two parallel RWYs, R for Right and L for Left are added to distinguish btw the RWS. For multiple runways each runway is identified by Left (L), Center (C) and Right (R). Example: 26L and 26R.

What is the airport with the most number of runways all over the world?

Dallas-Fort Worth Airport

Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: 7 Runways Runway 17L/35R Runway 17C/35C Runway 17R/35L Runway 18L/36R Runway 18R/36L Runway 13L/31R Runway 13R/31L Dallas-Fort Worth Airport: 7 Runways

O’Hare International Airport – Chicago, Illinois, United States

Munich Airport: Two Parallel Runways

Runways Length Runway lengths depend on the size of aircraft to operate and the weather conditions. The bigger the aircraft the longer the runway (take-off and landing distances) The hotter the weather the longer the runway **The longest public-use runway in the world is at Qamdo Bangda Airport in China. It has a length of 5,500 m (18,045 ft). **The world’s widest paved runway is at Ulyanovsk Vostochny Airport in Russia and is 105 m (344 ft) wide. Larger airports for airline flights generally have paved runways 2,000 m (6,600 ft) or longer. In the United States, the minimum dimensions for dry, hard landing fields are defined by the FAR Landing And Takeoff Field Lengths. These include considerations for safety margins during landing and takeoff. Heavier aircraft require longer runways.

Runways Length For aircraft weights below approximately 90,718 kg, a runway length ~ 1,829 m Larger aircraft (Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787; Airbus A300, A330, A340, A350, and A380; McDonnell Douglas DC-10 or MD-11; and the Lockheed L1011) will usually require runway length at least 2,438 m. Actual length of runways 3.1.7 Primary runway Primary runway(s). Runway(s) used in preference to others whenever conditions permit. Recommendation.— Except as provided in 3.1.8, the actual runway length to be provided for a primary runway should be adequate to meet the operational requirements of the aeroplanes for which the runway is intended and should be not less than the longest length determined by applying the corrections for local conditions to the operations and performance characteristics of the relevant aeroplanes. Note 1.— This specification does not necessarily mean providing for operations by the critical aeroplane at its maximum mass. Note 2.— Both take-off and landing requirements need to be considered when determining the length of runway to be provided and the need for operations to be conducted in both directions of the runway. Note 3.— Local conditions that may need to be considered include elevation, temperature, runway slope, humidity and the runway surface characteristics. Note 4.— When performance data on aeroplanes for which the runway is intended are not known, guidance on the deter­mination of the actual length of a primary runway by appli­cation of general correction factors is given in the Aerodrome Design Manual, Part 1. 3.1.8 Secondary runway - Recommendation.— The length of a secondary runway should be determined similarly to primary runways except that it needs only to be adequate for those aeroplanes which require to use that secondary runway in addition to the other runway or runways in order to obtain a usability factor of at least 95 per cent.

Runway Lighting Summary

Importance of Lighting Lighting systems from the cockpit window during bad weather. Poor visibility is mainly due to heavy snowfall Lighting systems are important for a/c landing during night time.

Runway Center line Light System : Runway Lighting Lighting systems from the cockpit window Runway Center line Light System : White Alternate white and red in last 610 m Red in last 310m Runway Edge Lighting: White Turn Yellow in last 610m The pilot thus knows about how much runway is left for used. Why the lighting colour change?

Runway Pavements The surface sections of roads and runways are known as “pavements”. To serve its purpose, a pavement must have adequate load-carrying capability, good ride ability and must allow safe operation of aircraft.

Concrete Pavement Asphalt Pavement Concrete surfaces from 23 to 40 cm (9 to 16 inches) thick. Can remain useful for 20 to 40 years. Commonly used at large airports. It is constructed by aligning a series of concrete slabs connected by joins, Asphalt surfaces are from 5 to 10 cm (2 to 4 inches) thick. Can remain useful between 15 to 20 years. Commonly used at most smaller airports. Pavements are less expensive to construct.

Taxiway

2. Taxiway Strip for aircrafts to move slowly (taxi) between the runway and apron, runway and runway & apron and apron.

Taxiway Generally, width smaller than runway Lightings for night flying Can be one or multiple in bigger airport. Taxiways should be provided to permit the safe surface movement of aircraft. Sufficient entrance and exit taxiways for a runway should be provided to make the movement of airplanes to and from the runway smooth and to provide more rapid exit taxiways when traffic volumes are high.

Taxiway Types

Taxiway Types There are four types of taxiways: Parallel taxiways: aligned parallel next to runway Entrance taxiways: perpendicular to the runway & located near the departure end of runways. High-speed taxiways: to allow aircraft quickly free-up the runway. (Also known as Rapid Exit) , located at various points along the runway to allow landing aircraft to efficiently exit the runway after landing. By-pass taxiways: located near apron, to allow aircraft by-pass other aircraft at aircraft parking area. By pass taxiways are located at areas of congestion at busy airports. They allow aircraft bypass other aircraft parked on the parallel or entrance taxiways in order to reach the runway for take off.

High-speed taxiways Also known as Rapid Exit runway. To provide exit paths from runway for arriving aircraft. The intersection angle less than 90deg.

Taxiway Identification Taxiways can be identified through: Taxiway markings (centerline in yellow color, no azimuth) Taxiway signs (have location sign) Taxiway lightings (centerline light in green color, edge light in blue color) Taxiway size and pavement strength (width smaller than runway, pavement thickness less than runway)

Taxiway Lighting Taxiway centre line: green Taxiway edge lights: blue

Taxiway Lighting Many airports are equipped with taxiway lighting to facilitate the movement of aircraft on the airfield at night or in poor visibility conditions. Taxiway lighting includes taxiway edge lights, taxiway centerlines lights.

Taxiway Markings Taxiway Centerline : single continuous yellow line . All taxiways should have centerline markings. Aircraft should be kept centered during taxi to guarantee wingtip clearance with other aircraft or other objects Taxiway markings: The taxiway centerline is a single continuous yellow line, 6 to 12 inches in width. Taxiway edge marking is continuous markings consisting of a continuous double yellow line, with each line being 6 inches in width spaced 6 inches apart. Taxiway Centerline

Taxiway Markings Surface Painted Signs: to assist pilot in confirming the designation of the taxiway (location or direction) Surface Painted Signs

RWY/TWY Markings

What The Importance of RWY/TWY Markings? To provide information that is useful to a pilot during takeoff, landing, and taxiing. To enhance safety and improve efficiency: Same airport markings for all airports make pilots became familiar.

APRON

3. APRON Apron: An area of tarmac (material used for surfacing roads) for parking aircraft. US term is ramp. Bay: A space in the structure of airplane where equipment can be located. An area to accommodate aircraft for purposes of parking , loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, or maintenance.

3. Apron Also known as RAMP Apron sizes depend on the aircrafts handled by the airport. The bigger the airport handling capacity the bigger the apron Provide FBO services Fitted with underground refueling system Fitted with water supply system Fitted with sewer disposal system 3.13 Aprons Apron. A defined area, on a land aerodrome, intended to accommodate aircraft for purposes of loading or unloading passengers, mail or cargo, fuelling, parking or maintenance. General 3.13.1 Recommendation.— Aprons should be provided where necessary to permit the on- and off-loading of pass­engers, cargo or mail as well as the servicing of aircraft without interfering with the aerodrome traffic.

Fixed Base Operators (FBO) The FAA defines an FBO as A commercial business granted the right by the airport sponsor to operate on an airport and provide aeronautical services such as fueling, hangaring, tie-down and parking, aircraft rental, aircraft maintenance & flight instruction, etc

KLAS: KL Airport Services Sdn Bhd KL Airport Services Sdn Bhd or better known as KLAS is independent ground handler that provides a comprehensive range of services to various commercial airlines operating into and through Malaysian Airports.. Ground Handling: Passenger and baggage handling, Aircraft handling, Flight operations Cargo Handling : Import, Export In-Flight Catering Service: Production Operation, The Food - Include Mouth Watering Food For All Events, Technologies Aircraft Maintenance & Engineering Service: KLAS Engineering Services Sdn Bhd (KESSB). Line Maintenance Custom Clearance Segmented 'A' Check Special Motorized Equipment Cabin Interior Maintenance Specialized Tooling Technical Assistance Engineering Operations Centre Material Storage Approvals Logistics

KLAS: KL Airport Services Sdn Bhd KLAS offers the highest standards of quality & efficiency for the following services: Ground Handling: Passenger and baggage handling, Aircraft handling, Flight operations Cargo Handling : Import, Export In-Flight Catering Service: Provide foods Aircraft Maintenance & Engineering Service: Aircraft check