Enlightenment Philosophers (philosophes)

I. Thomas Hobbes A , English B. Human nature: 1. people are naturally 1. people are naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish C. Wrote The Leviathan

1. people fear death and will do whatever 1. people fear death and will do whatever necessary to stay alive necessary to stay alive a. world in constant war a. world in constant war 2. Social contract 2. Social contract a. agreement that people will give up their freedom for an organized society freedom for an organized society 3. Only an absolute monarch (powerful 3. Only an absolute monarch (powerful government) can make sure people do not kill government) can make sure people do not kill

II. John Locke A , English B. People are mostly reasonable and moral and moral C. Wrote Two Treatises of Government

1. Labor (working) is a natural right of man 1. Labor (working) is a natural right of man a. Labor is the way men get property a. Labor is the way men get property b. property is a natural right to man as well b. property is a natural right to man as well 2. Natural rights 2. Natural rights a. rights that belong to all humans from birth 3. People form governments to protect 3. People form governments to protect their natural rights their natural rights 4. best government is limited in power and 4. best government is limited in power and all citizens will follow the laws (social contract) all citizens will follow the laws (social contract)

III. Baron de Montesquieu A , French B. Balanced view of people 1. they can be good and bad. C. Wrote The Spirit of the Laws

1. Three types of government: 1. Three types of government: a. Monarchies - a. Monarchies - b. Republics - b. Republics - c. Despotism/tyranny - c. Despotism/tyranny - 2. Branches of government: 2. Branches of government: a. legislative - a. legislative - b. executive - b. executive - c. judicial - c. judicial - 3. Separating the powers of government is the best way 3. Separating the powers of government is the best way to protect liberty for people and stop the to protect liberty for people and stop the government from abusing power government from abusing power

IV. Voltaire A , French B. Fought for civil rights 1. given to all citizens by 1. given to all citizens by the law of a government the law of a government 2. Most important is the right to a fair trial and 2. Most important is the right to a fair trial and freedom of religion freedom of religion

V. Jean-Jacques Rousseau A , French B. Believed that people were basically good in the state basically good in the state of nature, but corrupted of nature, but corrupted by society by society C. Wrote The Social Contract

1. Society forces men to compete with each other 1. Society forces men to compete with each other but they also need each others help to survive but they also need each others help to survive 2. the social contract will solve this problem 2. the social contract will solve this problem a. people give up some rights to a government to a. people give up some rights to a government to achieve order achieve order 3. General will 3. General will a. conscience (tells you what is right and wrong) a. conscience (tells you what is right and wrong) of the people of the people 4. People will obey the laws of the general will 4. People will obey the laws of the general will because they helped to write the law and the because they helped to write the law and the laws also make sure they survive laws also make sure they survive

"Man is born free, and he is everywhere in chains.”

Comparing Locke and Jefferson What words/phrases do they have in common? What words/phrases do they have in common? What three ideas of Locke’s does Jefferson use? What three ideas of Locke’s does Jefferson use?