Post-reformation Europe becoming early-modern 1. Religious differences theological andnational/ethnic 2. New politics: Theories of Rule: Constitutional monarchies Absolutism Run by:expanding bureaucracies Critiqued by:political/intellectual theorists 3. Expanding economies:more efficient technology makes effective proto-industrialization and social stratification

Europe post-reformation Need to know the names, differences: Roman Catholic Lutheran Calvinist Anglican (Church of England)

And, two governmental systems 1. Constitutional states a. Republic b. Constitutional Monarchy 2. Absolutism

The Dutch Republic King Philip II of Spain attempted to suppress protestants (Calvinists) in Netherlands, 1566 and in addition, the Huguenots [France to Netherlands] large-scale rebellion followed by 1581 Netherlands declared independence based on a representative, parliamentary system successful joint-venture commerce

Constitutional States England: constitutional monarchy government is ‘the Crown’, + Houses of Parliament Netherlands: a Republic Not an easy process: English Civil War, royal taxes religious elements King loses, was beheaded in 1649

The Glorious Revolution ( ) England under Cromwell (d. 1658) Glorious Revolution Charles II restored 1660 b. King James II deposed 1688 d. Mary and husband – no heir ** no Catholics ** William of Orange took throne concept of shared governance

To this day Recently changed the law regarding primogeniture Will not remove the in juncture against having a Catholic monarch

The ideal and problems of governing Frontispiece for Leviathan - Thomas Hobbes ( ) John Locke ( ) Essay on Toleration (1667) Essay on the Human Understanding (1690) Treatise on Government

But a voice – for whom? Popular sovereignty John Locke theories of contractual government sovereignty in the people – but who are the people? Freedom and Equality religious toleration and freedom of expression condemned legal and social privileges of aristocrats limit aristocratic privileges not to share political rights with: ???

Qualified citizenship eg: British (Irish) citizens Ireland: ‘a dependent and subordinate kingdom’ series of penal laws that enshrined exclusion of Catholics from political, social and territorial power by 1703:less than 20% population Protestant (English and Scottish descent) owned 86% of the land In 1691:all MPs in Irish parliament took an oath: repudiating the Pope’s authority to dispose any monarch denying transubstantiation Next 15 years:penal codes schools, horses, land, weapons, clerics Effects:political, economic, legal, psychological ** exam q.

Absolute Monarchies Political theory: Divine Right of Kings the model: French Cardinal Richelieu King Louis XIII, ) practical application: destroy aristocratic power i.e. ‘fronde’ create royal service intendents = meritocracy = effective management = power taken from nobility ruthlessly attacked Calvinists

The Sun King royal absolutism Louis XIV (1673) Mignard Louis XIV (Hyacinth) ‘L’etat c’est moi’ r. 1654

Geography of Power: symbol and practice Versailles

Power Politics in the 17C developing the European states system no overarching imperial authority Balance of Power tenuous military innovations (expensive)

Conclusion: this is ‘top down’ history – much else is happening Significant population growth Effect: urbanization Proto-capitalism changing social order Adam Smith and John Locke intellectual innovation: Copernicus universe Isaac Newton the Enlightenment humanistic moral challenge écrasez l’infame

A Village in Provençe Friday everyone will be assigned the identity of someone from a small, fictional community in Provençe in the late 17C Traditionally ‘our’ community has been fairly isolated, with the result that the local land holders exercise a great deal of power There is in our community: a local bishop a growing (but still small) commercial and professional class of people (who will become the bourgeoisie) the majority of the population in this region works on the land the central authority of the king reaches into the region, in the person of a local intendent Will you survive? Some will receive prizes…