Commercial Revolution

Economic Change Massive Price inflation due to influx of bullion (gold) from the New World Could not keep up demand for goods Heavy investments – trading companies

European merchants began to replace Arab and Indian traders Shift from subsistence economy to production for the market Population increase = Urbanization

New class – proletariat – laborers without property – lived in poverty Changes in social structure caused many uprisings to uphold traditional life and doing business – uprisings failed Witchcraft prosecutions increased – poor and women

Absolute and Parliamentary Monarchies

Centralized monarchies replaced feudal governments – kings gained power over aristocracy through military and administration France – Louis XIV (14 th ) best example of absolute monarchy

Louis XIV – national economic policy (mercantilism), encouraged scientific development, destroyed power of nobility E. Europe – tried to imitate Louis XIV – Prussia and Austria Hungary – built strong military and national economy French aggression lead to alliances

Britain and Netherlands – centralized governments through parliamentary monarchies Glorious Revolution – parliament won sovereignty over monarchs Monarchies would never be able to completely displace nobility

Scientific Revolution

Conditions In Europe

Deism: belief in one God, who created the universe and then allowed it to operate by natural laws

II. Causes A.Renaissance- spirit of curiosity B.Reformation- questioned the accepted way of thinking about God

C. Exploration D. Printing Press

III. Astronomy

A. Geocentric Theory (Earth Centered) Aristotle - Greek philosopher thought of it Ptolemy -expanded the theory Christianity-Upheld this theory

B.Heliocentric Theory The sun is the center of the universe based on a Greek idea that the sun stood in the center of the universe

Nicolaus Copernicus ( ), Polish Astronomer; father of modern astronomy ; authored 'De Revolutionibus' proving the sun to be the centre of the universe in 1530, published in 1543, before his death

1. Copernicus a.Earth not stationary, but turns on an axis once a day b.Earth not center of the universe-instead the earth and other planets revolve around the sun

2.Johannes Kepler Student of Brahe Mathematical proved the planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles

Galileo Galile ( )

With telescope saw the moon, planets, and stars; saw that the moon had craters and jagged mountains declared the heavenly bodies were imperfect

The Scientific Method Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

Scientific Method Observation 2. Question. 3 Hypothesis. 4. Experimentation 5 Conclusion.

Key People in the the development of Scientific Method

A. Francis Bacon ­Criticized how medieval scholars arrived at their conclusions ­Empiricism - experimental method to make conclusions B. Rene Descartes Developed analytical geometry Math and Logic to make conclusions

1) Careful experiments and observations 2) Reason is used to interpret the results of the experiments and observations

3) Mathematics rather than logic, or reasoning from principles, is used to prove scientific theories

V. Sir Isaac Newton “If I have seen farther than others, it is because I have stood on the shoulders of giants.”

Law of Gravity There is a force of attraction between objects that is related to their mass and that the force increases as objects moves closer together

Newton Provided mathematical proof of Galileo’s observations

VI. Medical Improvements

A.Scientific Instruments Microscope Mercury barometer Thermometer

B. Medicine and the Human Body

1. Galen Greek physician whose work had dominated medicine in the Middle Ages

Galen Dissected pigs and other animals and assumed the human body would be similar

A Medieval Post-Mortem Examination Post-mortem examinations were rare in the Middle Ages, in part due to religious and intellectual scruples. This early representation (c. 1300) of a dissection shows a surgeon and a monk

2. Vesalius Made accurate drawings of the human anatomy that corrected some of Galen’s errors

3.Harvey showed the heart acted like a pump

4. Edward Jenner Jenner discovered that inoculation with germs from cowpox gave permanent protection from small pox

Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. What is the first step in the scientific process? What are the possibilities following testing of a hypothesis? What is a hypothesis?

II.The Enlightenment

A. Hobbes People w/out government would constantly fight Best government is one of Absolute Power People gave up rights to a ruler who guaranteed peace and order

Hobbes Published Leviathan (1651)

Leviathan = Ruler

Leviathan argued for a Social Contract- people gave up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange they would gain law and order

B. John Locke Self-government believed people were reasonable and could learn from mistakes therefore absolute monarch not necessary

* People born with natural rights from God- not from King * Government’s job to protect Life Liberty Property

C. Paris City where Enlightenment took root

D.Philosophes French term for Philosopher Social critics, believed they could apply reason to all aspects of life

E. Three Key Philosophes

1. Voltaire 1) against the power of the nobles 2) reduce the power of the church 3) freedom of press speech and religion

2. Montesquieu

Wrote : Spirit of Laws Government should not put all the power in the hands of one man Separation of powers Checks and balances

3. Rousseau The only good government is one that is freely formed by the people and guided by “general will” of society

“Man is born free and everywhere in chains” Man is born basically good and is corrupted by society

F. Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences Sum of knowledge considered important by enlightened thinkers * 36 volumes 11 of which were pictures

“Enlightened Monarchs” Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchs Receptive to Enlightenment ideas Instituted new laws and practices

Enlightened Monarchs Frederick II, Prussia Catherine the Great, Russia Maria Theresa, Austria Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire Gustav III, Sweden Napoleon I, France

Frederick the Great (ruled 1740–1786) Prussian ruler Had a strong interest in Enlightenment works Induced Voltaire to come to Prussia

Frederick the Great (continued) Wanted to make Prussia a modern state Reforms Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”

Catherine the Great (ruled 1762–1796) Russian ruler Well-versed in Enlightenment works “Westernizing” Russia

Catherine the Great (continued) Domestic reforms Peasant revolt

Maria Theresa (ruled 1740–1780) Austrian ruler Government reforms The serfs Son—Joseph II

Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790) Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780 Joseph’s reforms Religious toleration Control over the Catholic Church Abolition of serfdom

The Legacy of the Enlightenment Government Society Education American Revolution and French Revolution The signing of the U.S. Constitution