International Security and Peace

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International Security and Peace Causes of War: Realism vs. Liberalism Prof. Jaechun Kim

Some Caveats of LOA Realism Liberalism Neo realism Classical realism Different theories within one level of analysis… Realism Liberalism 3rd level BOP Neo realism Interdependence Neo liberalism 2nd level 1st level Classical realism Classical liberalism

REALIST VS. LIBERALIST THEORY OF WAR AND PEACE Two paradigms are based on different world views… REALISM More dominant than Liberalism… Thucydides ; Machiavelli in the 16th c ; T. Hobbes in the 17th c ; H. Morgenthau and K. Waltz in the 20th c. Not a unified theory; Doyle – there are 4 strands of Realism

FUNDAMENTAL TENETS OF REALISM AND LIBERALISM State of Nature according to REALISM  State of War; Default is war…! “ War of All against All” (Hobbes, Leviathan) How did the human beings escape from this situation? Natural State of International Politics according to REALISM  Permanent State of War among States ; Anarchy

Anarchy  Self-help  Security Dilemma (unintended consequence) 甲 C D C 乙 D DC > CC > DD -3 -20 -10

10 20 5

 Constant Possibility of War  Temptation to Strike First growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta made the war inevitable… “Peloponnesian War” by Thucydides…  Constant Possibility of War  War : Logical Endpoint of Anarchical Int’l System  “Wars take place because there is nothing to stop it!” – K. Waltz *Classical realists – wars break out because people are greedy…

Liberalism Natural State of World Politics according to Liberalism  Heterogeneous State of War and Peace Why? Natural Law  Natural Rights and Duties, John Locke

FUTURE OF WORLD POLITICS AND HOW TO SECURE PEACE Realism Pacific Int’l Order, Impossible Constant Possibility of War  Balance of Power; Realpolitik. Liberalism Global Peace, Possible War can Become Obsolete Peace based on balance of power is not stable  Promote Democracy ; Interdependency; Intl Org. and Law  Perpetual Peace (Kant)

ANALYTIC ASSUMPTIONS The aim of the states? - Power and Security (Realist) - More than Power and Security (Liberalist) States - Functionally similar units (R) - They are different National Interests?