Lecture 12+13

1. Process of formation of Kazakh khanate. 2.General periods of formation of Kazakh nation 3. Ethnonim “Kazakh”. Kazakh zhuzes.

The concrete course of formation of Kazakh Khanate is connected to an internal political condition of two states - Abulkhair Khanate and Mogulistan

Coming to the power Abulkhair Khan in 1428 actively began to unite the parts of Ulug Ulus. But he constantly failed. In 1457 Abulkhair khan has suffered from oirats severe defeat and ran from a battlefield. Position of the Kazakh kins and tribes became more constrained, after defeat of Abulkhair khan by oirats. Sultans Zhanibek and Girey quarreled with Abulkhair and struggled against the Shaibanids for restoration of power of the Ak-Horde khans dynasty.

I. Dissatisfaction of the policy of Abulkair khan. II. Back roam of sultans Zhanibek and Kerei from Abulkair in 1465/66. III. Separation of the territories of Esen Buga (west outskirts of Mogukistan) to sultans Zhanibek and Kerei. IV. Back roam of tribes ( about 200 thousand ). V. Death of Abulkair in VI. Conquering of the territory of Abulkhair state by Zhanibek and Kerei

The historian, military leader, governor of Kashmir, poet, author of historian work “Tarih and Rashidi”.

1 st period-the Bronze age The ancient tribes of the Bronze Age with the Andron ethno cultural appearances with Indo-European language, with European features factually were one of the far physical forbear forms of the Kazakh people. 2 d period –Saka (Iron age) In this period ancient Kazakhstan by its existence became the center of dissemination of the so called «nomadic tribes » characteristic of all Eurasian steppes, i. e. –saka, looking like European shape.

3 d period –Hunnu As a result of “the Great resettlement of people” which hunnu begun the Ethnic map of Eurasia changed. Hunny have for the first tribes who brought Mongol type to the territoryof Kazakhstan. After hunnu invasion local European tribes revealed 50% of Mongol type. 4 th -Turk period (VI-XII cc.) In the Turkic period vast territory of Kazakhstan for thousands years became bridge between East and West. Since that time vast territory of the Great Steppe became Turkestan, i. e. the country of the Turkic. Among the numerous Turkic tribes, such tribes as Ogyzes and Kypchaks played the most important role in ethno geneses.

5 th period –Mongol invasions (XIII c.) The Conquest of Chengis khan has stopped process of the formation of Kazakh nationality and impeded this process for years. The Mongol conquests have definitively bolted Mongolian types in the external look of Turkic tribes. However, Mongols themselves disappeared among numerous Turkic tribes, have taken their language, customs.

6 th period- the Formation of Kazak nationality- XIV-XV cc. In these period the revival of ethnic relationships between such states, as Ak Horde, Abulkhair state, Mogulistan and Nogai Horde took place. The representatives of the given tribes had a common Turkic language, custom, traditions, related relationship. Kazaks phenotypic appearance finally formed not later than in the XIV— XV cc. on the basis of a along compound interaction of the both large races — autochthonous European and non –domestic Mongol.

Caucasian (Europiod) Mongoloid

NegroidAustraloid

For the first time the term “Kazakh” in a written source was used in the Arabic -Kypchak dictionary, made in the Kypchak environment of the Mameluke state of Egypt in The word “Kazakh” in the old Turkic language meant “free spirit ” or “independent,” perfectly defining the people who had been yearning for their own independent state. The given semantics allowed to consider, that a social sense was put in the term “Kazak” and meant an individual man separated from their clan, tribe, state, and getting a living by participating in military undertakings.

“Term “Kazakh” reflected lifestyle of the person and all people, concerning with cattle breeding”

Specialty of the Kazakh society is the presence of ethnic subdivisions in the type of three juzes (Senior, Middle, and Junior) which was formed unions and settled on the base of connections between nomadic tribal unions and settled tribes of the Medieval period. Kazakh zhuzes had the following peculiarities: 1) internal regional unity; 2) ethnic unity; 3) cultural economic community; 4) community of political leadership.

Some scientists refer this word to an Arab word “zhuze” that means “the main part of something, branch”. In oriental documents the first information about zhuzes started coming up in the middle of XVII century.