Textile Industry Denise Ford

Overview  Natural Fibers  Cotton  Silk  Synthetic Fibers  History  Properties  Production Methods  Fiber Processing Concerns

Natural Fibers  Plant  Animal  Mineral  Bamboo  Cotton  Grass  Hemp  Sisal  Straw  Silk  Wool  Glass  Metal

Natural Fibers - Cotton  History  Used in textiles as early as 3000BC  Came to Europe in 800  First machine produced in England in 1730  Production  Used for clothing, batting, furniture  $120 billion business revenue

Natural Fibers - Silk  History  Silk worm rearing began in 2640BC in China  Silk Road in 300BC brought silk to the west  Production  Used for clothing, fishing line, light armor, musical instruments, rag paper  Contested by animal rights activists because larva must be boiled alive

Synthetic Fibers  Nylon  Polyester  Olefin  Rayon*  Spandex  Acrylic  Lurex

Synthetic Fibers - History  Rayon developed in 1890s in France  Most synthetic fibers began mass production in mid 20th century in the U.S.  Polyester mass produced in 1953  Synthetic fiber production ~ natural fiber production by 2000

Synthetic Fibers – Properties of Polymers  Properties are strongly correlated to size of chain  Important properties for fibers  Diameter  Elasticity  Surface energy  Compressive strength  Tensile strength

Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods Meltblowing Air PumpFilter Extruder Suction Blower

Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods Electrospinning

Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods T. Grafe, 2002

Synthetic Fibers – Production Methods Mean Diameter (nm) Surface Energy (dyn/cm) Tensile Strength normalized MBESMBESMBES Polyurethane Nylon

Textile Industry – Fiber Processing Concerns  BOD and TSS emitted in waste water from processing of fibers  265 m 3 waste/metric ton cotton  115 kg/metric ton BOD  70 kg/metric ton TSS  Less waste volume produced from the processing of synthetic fibers, but often more BOD and TSS

Conclusion  Natural Fibers  Cotton  Silk  Synthetic Fibers  History  Properties  Production Methods  Fiber Processing Concerns

References      hetic%20fiber%20production%22  FILE/textile_PPAH.pdf#search=%22textile%20production%22    manufacture.pdf#search=%22meltblown%20process%22