INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE International Energy Agency Perspective on Clean Coal Technologies Jacek Podkanski International Energy Agency Future EU Energy Mix Will Coal Play an Important Role? Gliwice, Poland, 29 May 2006

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE The global climate challenge Stabilising the global climate requires greenhouse gas emissions to be reduced  If atmospheric concentration is to remain under 550 ppm (i.e., double the pre-industrial level), GHG emissions should peak no later than Eventually, global emissions must decrease to much lower levels than today’s  Will require near-zero emissions for a significant proportion of fossil fuel use and growth of non-fossil energy technologies.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE Contribution of Coal to Power Generation in 2003 (IEA, Electricity Information 2005)

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE World Coal Demand by Sector (IEA WEO 2004)

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE We’re not on track: rising energy-related CO 2 emissions Global emissions grow more than 50% between now and 2030, with developing countries’ emissions overtaking OECD’s in the 2020s. ref: IEA World Energy Outlook 2005

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE Global CO 2 emissions in the IEA’s Reference and Alternative Scenarios million tonnes of CO2 CoalOilGasAlternative Policy ScenarioReference Scenario In 2030, CO 2 emissions are 16% lower in the Alternative Scenario, improved efficiency accounting for more than half of the saving. 16% ref: IEA World Energy Outlook 2004

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE But this is not enough... Technologies do exist that together have the potential to stem the growth of CO 2 emissions. But their uptake requires deployment policies that give the right market incentives. Examples of measures which can be taken now:  IEA 1-Watt Initiative could reduce standby power consumption by about 10GW – about 20 power plant units – in the OECD alone.  A new IEA publication Light’s Labour’s Lost estimates that more than 30% savings in electricity demand can be achieved if least cost lighting options were adopted.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE But this is still not enough... Technology opportunities No one solution, but some features are clear:  accelerating energy efficiency improvements can make a difference in the short and long term;  CCS is crucial in the medium and long term, but needs full- scale demonstration and a price on CO 2 emissions;  renewables are key for long-term sustainability, but must be cost effective;  nuclear should contribute more – where accepted – but must improve technology and waste handling. Need to pursue a “portfolio” policy approach for technology R&D and deployment.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE Avoiding one billion tonnes of CO 2 per year photos courtesy Statoil (top) & British Energy (bottom) [adapted from: Carbon Mitigation Initiative, Princeton University] To meet the energy demand & stabilise CO 2 concentrations, unprecedented technology changes must occur in this century.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE Reductions in Emissions of CO 2 through Technological Innovation (IEA WEO 2004)

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE G8 Summit, July 2005 courtesy Picdar

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE G8 Plan of Action “We face serious and linked challenges in tackling climate change, promoting clean energy, and achieving sustainable development globally” “We will support efforts to make electricity generation from coal and other fossil fuels cleaner and more efficient” “We will work to accelerate the development and commercialization of carbon capture and storage technology”

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE IEA Response Cleaner Fossil Fuels Global database with complete information on efficiency of fossil-based electricity generation Report on best practices in power plant operation Series of case studies on recently constructed plants Joint effort of IEA, IEA Clean Coal Centre and IEA CIAB in collaboration with the World Bank, European Commission, World Energy Council, VGB, EOn Focus on Russia and +Five Developing Countries Final Report to the G8 in mid-2008 WB/IFIs: Review of deliverables Report on potential of upgrades and replacement Report on potential of future developments Global conference and three regional workshops

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE IEA Response Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Workshops on Short-term Opportunities for CCS Goal: To accelerate the development and commercialization of Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Policy, technical and commercial issues – a report to the G8 with specific recommendations Three events to be held in USA (2006), Norway (2007) and Canada (2007): -Issues Workshop (San Francisco, August 2006) - Technical - Commercial/Financial - Legal and Regulatory - Public Education and Outreach - International -Assessment Workshop (Norway) -Recommendations Workshop (Canada)

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE IEA Response Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage Study on capture ready plant: -Engineering and cost study on capture ready plant (GHG R&D Programme) -Report on policy instruments and incentives for capture ready plant (IEA Secretariat) -Dissemination efforts Coordination with the CSLF Involvement of developing countries

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE Forthcoming June 2006

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE CCS Use in 2050: 6 Gt CO 2 Capture

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Current plant emissions and suggested ZETs targets (stack gas concentrations at 6% O 2, dry) Techn’gySO 2 mg/m ³ NOx as NO 2 mg/m³ Particles mg/m³ MercuryCO 2 kg/MWh PCC +FGD (to 98%) (SCR) CFBCAs PCC< <50 PFBCAs PCC <50 IGCC98-99% removal <75<1 NGCCNegligible<30 (SCR)-3000~370 PCC as ZETs <100 (interim) <30 (eventual) <100 (interim) <50 (eventual) <1090% removal>80% removal IGCC as ZETs <25 <190% removal>80% removal

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Two tracks for sustainability based on coal Progressive improvements in emissions, competitiveness, efficiency, for:  interim environmental benefits – all emissions and wastes  a credible platform and, ultimately,  a very high efficiency technology base for near-zero emissions plants Develop near-zero emissions plants:  CO 2 capture and storage (CCS)  very low conventional emissions

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Pulverised coal combustion 100’s of GWe units to ~1000 MWe Efficiency to mid-40s% (HHV) in best locations Conventional emissions control well established How will it be in 10 or 20 years? Still the most deployed coal technology Advanced emissions control Further incremental efficiency improvements Progression to very high steam conditions ~ 50% efficiencies CCS on some plants using flue gas scrubbing or oxygen firing ~ Limestone slurry Gypsum Mills Air heater Ash Air Coal Ash Stack FGD SCR Flue gas

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) Demonstrations in USA and Europe and, shortly, in Japan Cost/availability concerns have held back orders but reference plants soon Efficiency ~40-43% HHV V. low emissions, Hg capture simple How will it be in 10 or 20 years? More widely deployed Advanced performance and lower cost New gasifier designs & polygeneration CCS using pre-combustion capture Gasification Coal and oxygen Raw gas Clean fuel gas ~ Gas turbine Waste heat boiler Stack Steam turbine ~ Byproducts and wastes Slag Air Gas cleaning

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Oxyfuel process ( Courtesy of Vattenfall) economiser steam condensate gypsum carbon dioxide compressor

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Gasification with Cleanup Separation System Integration Carbon Sequestration Optimized Turbines Fuel Cells H 2 Production

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk RWE is pushing forward IGCC per pipeline to CO 2 storage facility can also be used as H 2, or to produce SNG, methanol, fuel IGCC* Gas and steam turbine Power Hydrogen CO MW gross Oxygen Coal Gasification

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk IEA Clean Coal Centre Members UK USA Japan Anglo S Africa Eskom S Africa NIGBHEL India BRICC China Austria Canada CEC Italy ACIC Australia CANZ N Zealand Danish Power Group Rep. of Korea BG Group UK Germany Eletrobras, Brazil

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Reports completed in last 12 months Mining and production Coalbed methane emissions – capture & utilisationNov 05 Market studies RD&D on coal use in Australia and the COAL 21 action planDec 05 International funding sources for major coal investment projectsFeb 06 Carbon abatement Implementing clean coal projects under KyotoApr 05 Coal full life cycle analysisSep 05 Implications of forestry carbon offsets for the coal industryFeb 06 Coal properties Chlorine in coal combustion and cofiringNov 05

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Reports completed in last 12 months (2) Conversion Premium carbon products & organic chemicals from coalAug 05 Power generation On-line analysis and coal-fired plantSep 05 Towards zero emission coal-fired power stationsSep 05 Fuels for biomass cofiringOct 05 Life extension of coal-fired power plantsNov 05 Use of coal in areas of water shortageNov 05 Residues Land uses of coal fly ash – benefits & barriersApr 05

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk Coalonline 1The coal industry and coal research and development in perspective 2Coal resources 3Origin, petrography and classification of coal 4Physical and mechanical properties of coal 5Studying the structural chemistry of coal 6Trace elements in coal 7Sulphur, nitrogen and halogens in coal 8Transportation, storage and handling of coal 9Coal preparation (including briquetting) 10Pyrolysis, carbonisation and coking 11Fundamentals of coal combustion 12 Cofiring coal with other fuels 12aCoal combustion technology for a competitive power market 13Coal ash - its effect on combustion systems 14Particulates - emissions and control 15SOx - emissions and control 16NOx - emissions and control 17Trace elements - emissions and control 18Greenhouse gases - emissions and control 19Utilisation and management of ashes, slags and residues 20Gasification - fundamentals and processes 21Hot gas cleaning 22Underground gasification of coal 23Coal liquefaction - fundamentals and processes 24Carbon products from coal

© IEA Clean Coal Centrewww.iea-coal.org.uk

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY AGENCE INTERNATIONALE DE L’ENERGIE Thank you