Taxonomy: Classification of Life

Lesson Essential Questions What is the basis for our modern system of taxonomy (classification of living things)? How are organisms placed into kingdoms?

History of Taxonomy Carl Linnaeus Swedish botanist father of taxonomy standardized binomial nomenclature (two name system: genus species), e.g., Homo sapiens grouped organisms into species based on appearance

Modern Taxonomy based on evolutionary relationships members of the same species share genetic similarities 3 domains 3 Domains of Life descended from a Common Ancestor

Modern Taxonomy 3 domains further subdivided into 6 kingdoms

Kingdoms Organisms are categorized into kingdoms based on Cell type (prokaryote or eukaryote) Complexity (unicellular or multicellular) How they obtain energy (autotroph or heterotroph) 6 KINGDOMS ARCHAEBACTERIA FUNGI EUBACTERIA PLANTAE PROTISTA ANIMALIA

Cell Type: Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic? PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES Simpler More complex Smaller in size Larger in size No nucleus Nucleus No membrane-bound organelles Membrane-bound organelles

Complexity: Unicellular or Multicellular?

How Energy is Obtained: Autotroph or Heterotroph? Autotroph = “self-feeding” Use light or chemicals to make their own energy Producers Heterotroph = “different nutrition” Eat other organisms to obtain energy Consumers photoautotroph chemoautotroph

ARCHAEBACTERIA “old bacteria” Type of Cell Prokaryotic Metabolism Autotrophic (Chemo/Photo) or Heterotrophic Cell Number Unicellular Reproduction Asexual: Binary fission Examples Methanogens: decomposition/digestion ① Halophiles: salt loving ② Thermoacidophiles: volcanic vent bacteria ③④

EUBACTERIA “true bacteria” Type of Cell Prokaryotic Metabolism Heterotrophic, some Photosynthetic Autotrophs Cell Number Unicellular Reproduction Asexual: Binary Fission Examples Disease-causing bacteria, probiotics, decomposing bacteria strep E. coli staph Cocci: round Bacillus: rods Spirillus: spiral

PROTISTA “first organism” Type of Cell Eukaryotic Metabolism Photosynthetic Autotrophs/Heterotrophs Cell Number Unicellular/Multicellular Colonials Reproduction Asexual: Mitosis Examples Algae, seaweed, zooplankton, phytoplankton, amoeba paramecium amoeba spirogyra volvox euglena dinoflagellate plasmodium

FUNGI “sphongus” Greek for sponge Type of Cell Eukaryotic Metabolism Heterotrophic: saprophyte (absorbs from decomposition) Cell Number Unicellular or Multicellular Reproduction Asexual: mitosis Sexual: gamete union Examples Yeast, molds, mildew, mushrooms, puffballs penicillium mold toadstool bracket yeast mushroom puffball black mold

PLANTAE Type of Cell Eukaryotic Metabolism Photosynthetic Autotrophs Cell Number Multicellular Reproduction Asexual: budding, runners Sexual: meiosis Examples Moss, ferns, conifers, flowering plants, fruits & vegetables moss ferns conifers flowering

ANIMALIA Type of Cell Eukaryotic Metabolism Heterotrophic Cell Number Multicellular Reproduction Asexual (regeneration)/Sexual Examples Invertebrates, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals mammals invertebrates amphibians birds fish reptiles

Summarize At the bottom of your notes, in your own words and in complete sentences, answer these two questions: How has the basis for taxonomy (classification of living things) changed since Linneaus? What criteria are used to classify organisms into kingdoms?