1 Introduction to Family Studies Race, Ethnicity, and Families

2 Race, Ethnicity & Families How do we define race? How do we define ethnicity?

3 Racial-Ethnic Groups Racial groups are those with a common set of physical features that distinguishes them from other groups Race is defined as a category composed of people who share real or alleged physical traits that members of a society deem to be socially significant

4 Race, Ethnicity & Families But race is also a social concept Race is socially constructed The characteristics associated with each racial group are subjective Definitions of race: –vary over time –from one society to another –have emerged from interaction of various populations over long periods of human history

5 Race, Ethnicity & Families Why do sociologists argue that race is socially constructed? 1) While racial characteristics may have been biological in origin, the interpretation of those characteristics varies –Societies each decide which racial differences are meaningful

6 Race, Ethnicity & Families Why do sociologists argue that race is socially constructed? 2)Choice of racial characteristics is subjective People differ in many ways, but only some of those differences are emphasized For example, in defining differences in racial characteristics, why have we focused on skin color or the shape of a person’s eyes? Why isn’t race based on different blood types or eye color?

7 Race, Ethnicity & Families Why do sociologists argue that race is socially constructed? 3) The characteristics used to distinguish racial differences and stereotypes change over time 4) And the last reason to argue that race is socially constructed is that definitions of race differences vary from one society to the next

8 Race, Ethnicity & Families How do we define ethnicity? A population that shares a cultural heritage Ethnic Groups have a sense of group identity based on a distinctive cultural pattern or heritage They often share a place of common ancestry, language, or religion that is the basis of their collective identity

9 Race, Ethnicity & Families How do we define ethnicity? ? Ethnic groups often have a sense of brotherhood or sisterhood that is maintained within a larger society. Members of ethnic groups have usually migrated to a new nation or have been conquered by an invading population.

10 Race, Ethnicity, and Families An indication of how fluid racial/ethnic categories are: U.S. Census changed the way they measured race and ethnicity in the 2000 Census The federal government considers race and Hispanic origin to be two separate and distinct concepts.

11 U.S. Census Form: 2010 On the next slide, note questions 8 & 9 on the next slide showing the 2010 U.S. Census form #8 measures whether you are Hispanic/Latino etc #9 measures race

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13 Race, Ethnicity and Families The Census defines Hispanic or Latino as “a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American,or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.

14 U.S. Population by Race,

15 U.S. Population by Hispanic Origin:2005

16 Race, Ethnicity & Families How are the race categories used in Census 2000 defined? “White” refers to people having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe,the Middle East,or North Africa.It includes people who indicated their race or races as “White ”or wrote in entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish. “Black or African American” refers to people having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa.It includes people who indicated their race or races as “Black,African Am.,or Negro,”or wrote in entries such as African American, Afro American, Nigerian, or Haitian.

17 Race, Ethnicity & Families “American Indian and Alaska Native” refers to people having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America), and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment. It includes people who indicated their race or races by marking this category or writing in their principal or enrolled tribe, such as Rosebud Sioux Chippewa or Navajo. Asian refers to people having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia,or the Indian subcontinent. It includes people who indicated their race or races as Asian Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Korean, Japanese, Vietnamese, or Other Asian, or wrote in entries such as Burmese, Hmong, Pakistani, or Thai.

18 Social Construction of Race Social Experiment repeated after 50 years Young filmaker, Kiri Davis tests some old ideas See Assignment 3

19 Race, Ethnicity & Families Need to recognize diversity in families How do families vary by race/ethnicity? How does family structure vary? How do families’ ties to other social institutions, like education system, the economy, or health care system, vary by race/ethnicity?

20 Race, Ethnicity & Families Different racial groups make their homes in different neighborhoods This means they have different access to a different set of social institutions Social institutions create paths in which families are assigned to a different set of opportunities Think about schools

21 Race, Ethnicity & Families Minority families are: more likely to live in disadvantaged neighborhoods go to under-funded schools have less access to high level colleges have poorer health care options have less access to better, higher paying jobs

22 Great differences in families by racial ethnic groups Interfamily differences

23 Decline of marriage Fewer young women who will ever marry a 64% in 1990s (88% in 1950s) Increase in percentage of nonmarital births b 69% in 1998 (38% in 1970) Increases in female- headed families c 58% in 1998 (33% in 1970) African-American Families Source: a Rodgers & Thornton, 1985; Goldstein & Kenney, 2001 b U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1991; NCHS, 2005a c U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2003a, 2004a.

24 –Union formation - first unions formed are twice as likely to be cohabitations compared to whites –Family incomes for black families well below averages for white families –Economic gains to marriage have declined for black women African-American Families

25 Percentage of Children under 18, by Family Type and Racial-Ethnic Group, 2001 Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census, 2005

26 Hispanic Families As much variation within the group as between Hispanics and other groups Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, Puerto Ricans = 31.3 million people –Mexicans and Mexican Americans = 65% –Central and South Americans = 14% –Puerto Rican = 10% –Cuban Americans = 4%

27 Asian-American Families Again Asian is an “umbrella” term that includes diverse groups Less research on Asian-American families as prior to 1965 numbers wee lower than Hispanics But for Example, in 1970 there were 69,000 Korean Americans By 1998 there were 980,000

28 Asian-American Families In general Asian-Americans emphasize interdependence among family members over individualism favored by western cultures Asian families place more emphasis on children’s loyalty and service to parents Asian-American adults are more likely to live in a household with an adult child who provide most of the income

29 Total Fertility Rate by Race and Ethnicity

30 Percent of Mothers who were not Married

31 Summary Race is socially constructed Family patterns vary greatly by race/ethnicity Rates of marriage and fertility vary across racial and ethnic groups Make sure you know percentages of major racial/ethnic groups Race is based on biological characteristics Ethnicity is based on cultural characteristics