Inequalities Matter RACIALIZED/IMMIGRANT INEQUALITY

Test Info Tu, May 28, 7-9, this room “Snow date” = May 30 Accessories = pencil, eraser, pen Content = ch class Format = MC + short answers

Sample Qs MC (about 60) 1) What is subject matter of this course? a) social change b) social inequality c) class and power d) none of the above 2) Which of the following is NOT addressed in this course? a) social inequality b) class c) poverty d) Evolution 3) This course is about social inequality a)True b) False Short Answer: Explain in 3 Sentences (define, characteristics, application) (about 8 out of 11) - social inequality: Symbolic interactionist approaches - functionalist vs conflict models of social inequality

March 21 – Intl Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination UN Report Card on Canada? Good on ya, but… Racial Discrimination - income, poverty, employment - racial profiling / CJS - violence toward Aboriginal women A Perspective….

Diversity in Canada 2011 Immigrants = per year/ 20.6% of pop - 57% from Asia/Mid (Philippines)/Europe 14% - 95% live in 4 provinces (Ontario at 53%, Q, BC, Alb) -91% in CMAs /63% MTV/ Toronto =38% ethnic origins /Canadian (10.5m), Eng, Fre, Scot, Irish Racialized Minorities = 19% - South Asians (25%), Chinese, Blacks - 95% in 4 provinces (52% in Ontario - 96% in CMAs, (2.6 M in Toronto, 1 M in Van

Racialized Inequality In Diversity Existence - income, un/employment, poverty - also power and privilege Causes - individual, institutional, societal Cures(?) – Employment Equity

Table Earnings* by gender, racialization, and place of birth (in $) Male FemaleAverage Racialized minority (CB**)$ $33 519$ Racialized minority (FB***)$ $27 075$ Whites (CB)$ $31 150$ Whites (FB)$ $31 627$ Aboriginal peoples$ $26 361$ * Full-time, full-year earnings for those aged 25 to 64. ** Canadian born *** Foreign born Source: Adapted from Kunz et al Source: 1996 Census, Public Use Microdata File.

Problematizing Racialized Inequality Canada’s Colour Coded Labour Market (2006 data, Block and Galabuzi 2011) Racialized male immigrants = 67 % of white male immigrants Racialized women immigrants = 48% of white male Racialized minorities earn 85cents for white $1 (except Japanese-Can) Racialized families = 20 % (23% OECD) poverty vs 6.4% Pendukar and Pendukar / Woolley Racialized males (CB) earn 18% less than white males Racialized females (CB) earn 3% less

Con’t I mmigrant wages vs (80% for men/87% for women) RBC Study Recency matters: All immigrants in full time jobs earned $ or $700 less Recent immigrants earned $ Second Generation Grady – earn less, esp Blacks, but not Japanese or Chinese Gender matters – daughters of racialized immigrants do better than daughters of Canadian born (not true for sons)

Why Immigrants Doing Poorly Earning less, taking longer, stuck in survival job, not utilizing high skills, Devalued credentials/education etc Language competence Canadian experience Competition from Canadian educated Racism + prejudice Foreign born newcomers with degrees outearn American counterparts (Macleans, )

National Council of Welfare (2012) POVERTY LICO measures vs LIM measures Racialized Minorities (racialized families 20% vs 6%) - 24 percent of Chinese, 20 % South Asians, 18 % Blacks ….. 1 % Japanese Immigrants - if arrived before 1970 (2%), = 42% - Asia/Middle East = 71%

Political representation in GTA 253 council seats for 25 municipal councils racialized minorities = 7 percent Corporate leadership = 4.2 percent (globe and mail study = 84 out of 1900 = 4-5% GTA slogan, “Diversity is our Strength”

Accounting for Racialized Inequality ? Racialized Society Socially constructed yet concealed all societies = distinction = division of labour = devaluation = deeply embedded in society Not neutral but ideologically loaded Racialized society = Slanted toward whiteness as norm, advantaging, desirable Racialized mins = equal but must exercise….

Racialized Ideas and ideals about what is acceptable, normal and desirable pertaining to race, culture, nationality, religion Deeply embedded in design, organization, agendas, values, operations, rewards, outputs Yet little awareness of this systemic bias Advantaging some (whites), disadvantaging others with respect to power, privilege property

Table Explaining racialized inequality: Ethnicity versus Equity paradigms ETHNICITY PARADIGM EQUITY PARADIGM PROBLEM Individuals “blaming the victim” Institutional structures “blaming the system” ROOT CAUSEethnicity Discriminatory barriers FOCUS OF SOLUTIONIncrease human capital Improve institutional inclusiveness MEANS OF SOLUTIONMarket forces Government intervention SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVEFunctionalismConflict perspectives

Table Comparing equality paradigms Equivalence-Based EqualityEquity-Based Equality Formal (abstract and mathematical equivalent)Substantive (context and consequences) Everyone should be treated equally (the same)People should be treated as equals (different) Pretend pluralismTaking differences seriously/into account Same treatment as a matter of courseCustomized treatment when situation arises Equal opportunityEquitable outcomes Discipline of the marketGovernment intervention

Employment Equity (Week 12) WHY? Underrepresentation of historically disadvantaged HOW? employment equity as philosophy of inclusivity Employment Equity as government program - who, how, success, debates