© 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 2 Chemistry of Living Things

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terms Chemistry Matter Energy

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Atoms Atom –Smallest piece of an element Subatomic particles –Proton –Neutron –Electron Isotopes and radioactive isotopes

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Atoms © 2014 Cengage Learning.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Scans CAT scan or CT scan MRI PET scan Bone, liver, brain, and spleen scans Sonography or ultrasound

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Terms Elements Compounds Molecules

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chemical Bonds Ionic bond – One atom gives up an electron to another atom Covalent bond – The atoms share electrons Hydrogen bond – Helps hold water molecules together

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chemical Bonds © 2014 Cengage Learning.

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electrolytes Electrically charged particles that help determine fluid and acid-base balance

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Compounds Inorganic compounds –Normally do not contain carbon –Water is 55-65% of their weight Organic compounds –Found in living things –Always have carbon

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Organic Compounds Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Carbohydrates Elements –Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Lipids Elements –Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Fats Phospholipids Steroids

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Proteins Elements –Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; and often, phosphorus and sulfur Most diverse and essential organic compounds Found in every living part of a living cell Amino acids

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Enzymes Specialized protein molecules Found in all living cells Help control chemical reactions Organic catalysts Highly specific in their actions

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Nucleic Acids Organic compounds containing carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus Structure of nucleic acids DNA –Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA –Ribonucleic acid

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Acids Sour taste When dissolved in water, will ionize into positively charged hydrogen ions (H + ) and negatively charged ions of some other element or more simply … –Yields hydrogen ions (H + ) in solution Litmus paper testing

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Bases Bitter taste Also called alkali When dissolved in water, will ionize into negatively charged hydroxide (OH - ) and positively charged ions of a metal Litmus paper testing

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Neutralization and Salts Neutralization –Exchange reaction Acid + base = salt + water HCL + NaOH=NaCL + H 2 O

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. pH Scale Measure of acidity or alkalinity Ranges from 0 to 14 pH of 7.0=neutral pH 0-6.9=acid pH =alkaline

© 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Homeostasis Homeostasis is essential for living cells to function optimally Maintenance of a balanced pH –Through a compound called a buffer (NaHCO 3 ) Intracellular and extracellular fluids