Infancy and childhood Adolescence Adulthood and old age Unit 2: the lifespan Infancy and childhood Adolescence Adulthood and old age

What is Developmental Psychology??? Specialized study of the changes that occur as an individual matures.

In what ways do we develop? Physical Perceptual Language Cognitive Emotional Social Moral Sexual Identity

Infancy and Childhood

Physical - Reflexes Diving reflex

Physical Maturation: internally programmed growth, maturational readiness Learning: experience  permanent behavior change

Perceptual How do we know what infants perceive?

Perceptual Head turns toward stimulus Eyes fixate Sucking rate increases Agitation

Perceptual Robert Fantz studied visual preferences

Perceptual Visual cliff illustrates development of depth perception around 6 months

Language Language and thought intertwined, symbols Vocabulary vs grammar (chimps can learn signs: Washoe learned 160 by age 5, but no grammar)

Language Babies who learn sign language communicate earlier (view “Baby Signs”) Is there a Critical Period for language acquisition? Consider the case of “Genie”. (view “Wild Child”)

Section Quiz 3-1

Cognitive According to Jean Piaget: Intelligence grows as children grow Cognitive development has distinct stages:

Complete Graphic Organizer 3

Cognitive Need representational thought / schema before object permanence: object exists even if unseen Assimilation: fitting new ideas into existing schema Accomodation: changing schema to incorporate new ideas Egocentric thinking: everyone knows what I know Conservation: amount doesn’t change just because appearance / shape changes Multiple mothers, mirrors, hide & seek, imaginary playmates: evidence of changing thinking ability

Emotional Imprinting: immediate bond between mother and offspring Konrad Lorenz Imprinting: immediate bond between mother and offspring

Emotional Contact Comfort is critical to survival Harry Harlow View video clip

Emotional Strange Situation technique to assess attachment Separation Anxiety aka “making strange” Attachment disorder (view “Dylan”)

Section Quiz 3-2

Social Application activity 3 “Parenting styles” Authoritative aka Diana Baumrind Application activity 3 “Parenting styles” Authoritative aka Democratic Permissive aka Laissez faire

Social Socialization = learning the rules of behavior of your culture Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychosexual development Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Social Albert Bandura’s social learning theory View video: Bobo doll experiment

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Adolescence

Physical and Sexual Asynchrony: uneven growth

Physical and Sexual Theories of adolescence: Initiation rites Storm and stress (Hall) Cultural (Mead) Developmental tasks (Havighurst): Accept body & acquire masculine or feminine gender role Develop appropriate relations with peers of both sexes Become emotionally independent of parents / adults Expect financial independence Choose, prepare for and enter a vocation Develop cognitive skills & concepts -> social competence Understand and achieve socially responsible behavior Prepare for marriage and family Acquire appropriate values

Physical and Sexual Puberty = Sexual maturation (end of childhood) Menarche = first menstrual period Spermarche = first ejaculation Issues What do you think? Sexual awareness, role of family, religion, government, teen pregnancy, STDs and AIDS Early/late maturing

Section Quiz 4-1

Personal Abstract / hypothetical: formal operations Rationalizations: protect self-esteem from emotions Adolescent problems due to immature and abstract thinking (Elkind): Finding fault with authority Argumentativeness Indecisiveness Apparent hypocrisy Self-consciousness Invulnerability Complete graphic organizer 4

Personal Identity crisis (Erikson) – stage 5: identity vs role confusion (Who am I?) Identity categories (Marcia): Moratorium (considering but no decision) Foreclosure (decision but not their own) Confused (not considering and no decision) Achievement (considered and decided) Complete graphic organizer 4

Section Quiz 4-2

Social Cliques & conformity Issues: Depression (triggered by breakdown of family unit or loss of loved ones, express anger vs sadness on adults) Delinquency (running away from home, teen pregnancy, alcohol/drug abuse, underachievement at school) Suicide (tripled in past 50 years, troubled teens don’t simply “outgrow problems, warning signs, hotlines) Eating disorders: Anorexia (desire for control) (encourage weight gain & address psychological problems) Bulimia (alienation, desire for social approval) (therapy & antidepressant drugs)

Section Quiz 4-3

Gender Application activity 4 “Gender Role Characteristics” Identity = physical & biological makeup Role influenced by gender identity, society, and culture LGBTTS Differences (aggression – women indirect, cognitive ability – women hedge, math and verbal the same but men more confident), stereotypes (overgeneralized) Androgyny (Bem)

Gender Theories: Biological (anatomy, hormones, brain, evolution) Psychoanalytic (identification) Social learning (observation & imitation of models) Cognitive-development (learning from experience, development of gender schema)

Section Quiz 4-4

Adulthood and Old Age

Adulthood Marriage (90% marry, 40-60% divorce, happy couples argue constructively) Levinson’s theory of male development (early adult transition, age 30 crisis, settling down, midlife transition 40-45, middle adulthood) Women’s issues (climacteric = physical and psychological changes, menopause, “empty nest syndrome”, depression) Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development (stage 7: generativity vs stagnation corresponds with midlife transition)

Section Quiz 5-1

Old Age Ageism: prejudice / discrimination against elderly (Application activity 5) Good health in youth -> old age Masters & Johnson (ok to keep having sex) Chronic diseases of elderly: heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, arthritis Complete Graphic Organizer 5

Old Age Decremental model of aging: progressive physical and mental decline inevitable Decline in nervous system responsible Intelligence: Crystalized: use accumulated knowledge Fluid: solve problems and generate new ideas Senile dementia (memory loss, forgetfulness, disorientation, altered personality, impaired attention) Alzheimer’s disease (most common dementia, neurological disease, destroys ability to think, remember, relate to others, care for self) Complete Graphic Organizer 5

Section Quiz 5-2

Dying and Death Thanatology = study of dying and death Kubler-Ross’s Stages of psychological acceptance of death and dying: (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance) Dying with dignity: Hospice = facility to care for special needs Assisted suicide (controversial)

Section Quiz 5-3