Chemistry

Chemistry Overview Inorganic Organic Biochemistry Analytical

Matter Define Composition –Fundamental Elements –Atomic Particles

States of Matter

Energy Components –Te = Ke + Pe Forms –Chemical –Electrical –Mechanical –Electromagnetic Conversions

Matter and Energy Relationship

Atoms Define Subatomic Particles –Name –Charge –Location –Function Atomic Symbol –Atomic Number –Mass Number –Atomic Weight –Charge

Atomic Nucleus Protons = AN –Electrically neutral –P = E Neutrons = AW –Variable number –Isotopes

Energy Levels Electrons Orbitals –Maximum e- number 2n to 2 nd power n is 1, 2, 3 etc orbital –Sublevels 2 electrons each s, p, d, f –Valence Outermost Determines Chemical property of atom

Electron Valence Shells Gain electrons Loose electrons Share electrons

Reactive vs. Inert Atoms

Molecules and Compounds Define –molecule of an element Define –molecule of a compound Define solution –Solvent –Solute

Chemical Bonds Overview

Covalent Bonds Strong Electrons shared Electrically neutral Types –Single –Double –Triple

Polar Covalent Bonds Slightly weaker than covalent Unequal electron sharing Allow for hydrogen bonds between other elements

Ionic Bonds Do not share electrons –Electrons gained or lost –Create ions Cations Anions Stable –Electron orbitals full –Salts Dissociate –Ions in solution –Electrolytes

Hydrogen Bonds

Chemical Reactions Reaction components –Reactants –Products –Direction indicated by arrows Types –Decomposition –Synthesis –Displacement –Reversible Reaction Rates –Temperature –Particle size –Concentration of reactants –Enzymes –Energy requirements

Inorganic Compounds No carbon-hydrogen as primary structure Small molecules Majority have ionic bonds Examples –Water –Salts –Acids –Bases –Buffers

Water 2/3 body weight 75% of cell volume Bonds –Polar covalent –Hydrogen Chemistry –Dehydration synthesis –Hydrolysis Properties –Temperature –Solvent –Reactant –pH –Surface tension –Solubility

pH Define Math equation Scale Normal range Problems –Acidemia, acidosis –Alkalemia, alkalosis –Compensated –Uncompensated

pH and pH Scale

Buffers

Chemical Buffer Systems Define Types –Chemical –Respiratory –Renal

Organic Compounds Contain –Carbon-Hydrogen –Oxygen Covalent bonds Macromolecule classes –Carbohydrates –Lipids –Proteins –Nucleic Acids

Organic Functional Groups

Carbohydrates Source Function Structure –Formula –Combinations Mono- Di- Poly-

Glucose Chemical Structure

Carbohydrate Interactions Glucose C6H12O6

Fatty Acid Structure

Lipid Structure

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Lipids Basic Structure Class Types –Fatty Acids –Glycerides –Prostaglandins –Steroids –Phospholipids –Glycolipids Function

Proteins AA structure Bonds Shape Types –Short chain –Long chain Functions –Fibrous –Globular

Amino Acid Structure

Amino Acid named for its structure Amine groupCarboxylic acid group

Amino Acid Groups

Peptide Bonds

Fibrous Proteins Structure Support Movement/Contraction External Defense Elastin and collagen

Globular Proteins Transport –Albumin –Hemoglobin –Hormones Metabolic –enzymes Defense –Immunoglobulins

Enzymatic Reaction

Enzyme Saturation Curve

Enzyme Interactions

Protein Denatured

Nucleotide Structure

Nucleic Acids

Nitrogen Base Pairing DNA –A-T –T-A –C-G –G-C RNA –U-A –A-U

Nucleic Acid Comparison DNA –Double stranded –Alpha Helix –AT and CG base pairs –Nucleus (eukaryotes) –Semi-conservative replication creates daughter strands during S phase of cell cycle RNA –Single stranded –Different for each type –AU and CG base pairs –Cytoplasm –Created from DNA for transcription and translation for protein synthesis

DNA

mRNA

rRNA

tRNA

DNA Replication

Transcription

Translation

Protein Synthesis

High Energy Compounds

Questions?