 Strangles  Influenza  Equine herpesvirus  Equine viral arteritis  Recurrent airway obstruction (RAO)

 Formerly known as Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)  Also known as “ broken wind”  Chronic, noninfectious respiratory disease  Thought to be an allergic airway disease that causes bronchoconstriction & excessive mucous production

 House in a dust-free environment  Outside is best (pasture)  Pelleted rations vs. hay  Medications  No long-term scientific data to support any one treatment medically  bk bk

 1 st isolated in Ohio in 1953  Togaviridae  Reportable disease  Most cases are subclinical

 Inactivated by lipid solvents  Inactivated by common disinfectants & detergents  Eva survives 75 days at 4c  Will survive in frozen semen

 Vaccine available  All mares should be vaccinated three weeks prior to breeding  Modified live attenuated virus (in the US)  Quarantine for carrier stallions  Have stallions routinely tested

 Streptococcus equi  Name – some untreated horses sound like they are strangling  Most commonly affects horses 1-5 years of age, but can affect horses of any age  Worldwide  Contagious

 Vaccination available – however has the potential to cause the dz.  Isolation – recovered horses can remain contagious for up to 6 weeks after recovering from clinical dz.

 Orthomyxovirdae family Genera: Influenza A, B, C, Thogoto and Isa viruses Horses get Influenza A virus Influenza A also infects human beings, swine and avian species On rare occasions will jump to different species In 2000, an Equine Influenza A virus spread to some dogs

 Virus rapidly mutates, frequently producing different strains  Highly contagious  Most common respiratory virus  Spreads rapidly “Explosive Outbreaks”  2 – 3 year-old horses most commonly affected

 The lower respiratory track is primarily affected in foals Can develop bronchopneumonia  The upper respiratory track is primarily affected in adult horses

 Infected animals shed the virus for 1-8 days  Short incubation period Typically hours, but can be as short as 24 hours

 Inhalation of virus – air born  Direct contact w/nasal secretions  Fomites – water buckets, feed bins, etc.

 Rapid onset exposed horses can get sick in 24 hours, 1-3 days is typical  Lethargy, weakness, Decreased appetite  Fever – typically around 104, but can exceed 106

 Nonproductive cough Hacking cough  Mucopurulent discharge  Retropharyngeal lyphadenopathy is not uncommon  Tachypnea

 C.S. typically clear up in 7-14 days, however in more severe cases the cough can last up to 21 days  A history of “Explosive Outbreak” in barn or area  Fever for less than 5 days  Mucopurulent discharge  Demonstrate acute & convalescent antibody titers 3-4 weeks apart

 Symptomatic treatment  NSAIDs  Isolation if possible  Antiviral medication  Strict rest (stall) - 1 week for each day the horse had a fever - Can be longer – up to 2-3 months - Hand walking only

 Adequate nutrition  Regular vaccination  Regular exercise followed by adequate rest between workouts  Proper ventilation and sanitation in barn  Quarantine new horses for two weeks before introduction to herd

 EHV-1 & EHV-4 are the two strains of importance  EHV-1 – Causes abortion, CNS, death The neurologic form of EHV-1 is called Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy (EHM)  EHV-4 – Respiratory signs

 There are four separate syndromes Respiratory – most common Abortion storms – have become increasingly rare Neonatal Neurologic

 Incubation period is typically 2-10 days  Rapidly spreads thru a herd  High morbidity  Low mortality (non-neuro form)  Infected horses are typically ill for 4-5 days

 Inhalation – air born  Fomites  Carrier animal

 Runny nose  Conjunctivitis  Anorexia  Malaise  Dry cough  Secondary bacterial infections  Lymph node involvement – submandibular & retropharyngeal  Fever ( F)

 Usually self limiting  Give antibiotics if secondary bacterial infection develops  Stall rest  NSAIDS  Isolation of infected animals  Disinfect environment

 Neurological signs appear as a result of damage to blood vessels in the brain and spinal cord associated with EHV infection.  Mild ataxia which may progress to complete recumbency – inability to rise  Inability to urinate  Poor anal tone  Recovery in 2-3 months if at all

 Keep animal clean to prevent urine scalding  Keep animal up – sling  Keep plenty of clean bedding in stall  Monitor for development of decubital ulcers or urine scalding  Keep tail clean from both feces & urine  Supportive care

 Isolate new horses for 3-4 weeks  Reduce stress  Vaccine available, but effectiveness for EHM is very limited  Don’t share equipment between horses at events

 EHV can be asymptomatic in mares  The mare is exposed to EHV during gestation  Then abortion storms occur weeks to months later

 The most infectious cause of abortions  ¼ of all diagnosed abortions are due to EHV  The future breeding of the mare is not affected  Vaccinate according to schedule

 National Cutting Horse Association (NCHA) Western National Championship event in Ogden, Utah April 29 – May 9, 2011  State and Federal official contacted all owners and quarantined and monitored all animals thought to have been exposed at the event – 421 horses in total

 Once those exposed horses went back to their homes states and exposed other horses – 1,685 now had to be monitored  A total of 242 individual premises were affected

 EHV-1 in the neurological form (EHM) was implicated  A total of 90 confirmed EHV-1 or EHM cases have been reported in 10 states

 Of those 90 confirmed cases, 54 cases were at the Ogden, Utah event  Out of those 88 cases, 13 horses died from the disease or were euthanized by June 8 th, were at the event, 3 were exposed by animals from the event

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