The Expansion of Civilization in Southern Asia 9 The Expansion of Civilization in Southern Asia

The Silk Road The Kushan Kingdom Silk Road Sits beyond the Khyber Pass Trade between China and Europe (including the Rome empire) Kanishka, the greatest of the Kushan monarchs Commercial affects of patronizing Buddhism Growth of Buddhist monasteries and spread of Buddhism to central Asia and China

The Gupta Empire ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

India After the Mauryas The Gupta Dynasty Chandragupta I (320-c. 330), Samudragupta (c. 330-375), Chandragupta II (375-415) India entered a new “classical age” Trade was prosperous

The Transformation of Buddhism Changing Buddhism Doctrine beginning to decline with the rise of Hinduism Problems interpreting Nirvana helped lead to changes Split in Buddhism Theravada Buddhism a way of life, not a salvationist creed Mahayana Nirvana can be achieved through devotion Bodhisattva (“he who possesses the essence of Buddhahood”) Revered saintly individuals and built temples in their honor Reinterpretation of Buddhism as a religion rather than a philosophy Decline in India Denies existence of the soul Rejected class divisions Revival of Hinduism

India, 1000 – 1200

The Arrival of Islam Conquest of Sind by Arab armies, c. 711 Mahmud of Ghazni (997-1030) Rule extended throughout the upper Indus valley and as far south as the Indian Ocean Brilliant and terrible at the same time Resistance led by Rajputs (aristocratic Hindu clans) No match against the cavalry of Mahmud’s invasion South of the Ganges River Muslim influence spread slowly Extend power to the Deccan Plateau New Delhi sultanate threatened by Mongols of Genghis Khan Tughluq dynasty (1320-1413) Tamerlane (Timur-i-lang) (b. 1330s -1405) Crossed the Indus River to raid India in 1398 Ruled a Mongol khanate based in Samarkand Conquered the area of the Caspian Sea, Baghdad, and raided to the Bosporus before withdrawing

The Empire of Tamerlane ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Tomb of Tamerlane in Samarkand ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Society and Culture Muslim rulers Differences in the religious beliefs Tolerant of other faiths Generally used peaceful means to convert others Differences in the religious beliefs Muslims rulers like the Indian idea of divine kingship Indians learned the superiority of cavalry Some upper-class Hindu males attracted to the Muslim tradition of purdah Muslim women had more rights than Hindu women

Economy and Daily Life Landed and commercial elite lived in the cities, often in opulence Most people live on the land India served important roll in far eastern trade Petty traders and artisans usually limited to local markets

The Wonder of Indian Culture Art and Architecture Caves of Ajanta Carved out of rock from 460 to 478 Rock paintings and carvings Buddhist cave temples and monasteries Sculpture important to the shrines Literature Religious and secular works Written in Sanskrit and the languages of southern India Kalidasa, The Cloud Messenger Dandin, The Ten Princes Music Chanting Vedic hymns Raga, a musical scale Sitar, wind instruments, and drums

Close-up of temple gopuram at temple at Madras ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Temple complex at Mahabalipuram ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Southeast Asia 500 C.E-1200 C.E. ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

The Golden Region: Early Southeast Asia Geography Early migration Contacts with India Merchants Paddy Fields and Spices: The States of Southeast Asia Angkor Agricultural; situated on rich river delta Most powerful state to emerge in mainland South-east Asia Indonesian archipelago Srivi-jaya; Majapahit Spice trade important Indian influences Brahmin class of advisors Writing system Wayang kulit (shadow play)

Daily Life Hierarchical society Trade Differing social structures Women Active in trade Higher literacy Financial independence Nuclear family

World of the Spirits: Religious Belief Traditional beliefs Hinduism Buddhism Theravada Buddhism Temple architecture Angkor Wat

Interior of Shwedagon pagoda complex with numerous shrines ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Temple of thousand Buddhas in Bangkok ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Discussion Questions How did the Kushan Kingdom benefit from its position astride the Silk Road? Why is the Gupta dynasty sometimes called the “classical age” of civilization in northern India? What led to the transformation of Buddhism? Why did Buddhism decline in popularity in India? What major states emerged in Southeast Asia? How were their societies and cultures influenced by India?