Reconstruction Divergent Plans And the Southern Experience Southern Experience

Lincoln’s Plan % Plan State can rejoin when 10% of voters from 1860 election: Pledge oath of allegiance to US Pledge to abide by emancipation Then state govt. formed Rationale: South never left the Union Louisiana, Arkansas and Tenn. Reconstructed Reaction: Radical Reps. shocked, refuse to recognize govt.’s or reps.

Wade Davis Bill % of voters take oath of allegiance and have stronger safeguards for emancipation 50% of voters take oath of allegiance and have stronger safeguards for emancipation (state const. must ban slavery) (state const. must ban slavery) Rationale: Radical Reps. feared restoration of planter aristocracy Rationale: Radical Reps. feared restoration of planter aristocracy (Disenfranchisement of Confederate leaders) (Disenfranchisement of Confederate leaders) Reaction: Lincoln “pocket-vetoes” the bill, Division in Republican Party Reaction: Lincoln “pocket-vetoes” the bill, Division in Republican Party

Johnson’s Plan % 10% Disenfranchised certain Conf. leaders and wealthy, but they could petition Johnson for pardons Disenfranchised certain Conf. leaders and wealthy, but they could petition Johnson for pardons Special State conventions to Special State conventions to Repeal secession Repeal secession Ratify 13 th Amendment Ratify 13 th Amendment Rationale: Accepts Lincoln’s plan, but wants Southern leaders to ‘beg’ Rationale: Accepts Lincoln’s plan, but wants Southern leaders to ‘beg’ Reaction: Sharp Repub. Criticism, Southern govts reorganized and passed Black Codes, Congress refuses to recognize new govts Reaction: Sharp Repub. Criticism, Southern govts reorganized and passed Black Codes, Congress refuses to recognize new govts

Congressional Plan % 10% Freedman’s Bureau extended Freedman’s Bureau extended Civil Rights Bill 1866 Civil Rights Bill 1866 Black Citizenship proposed and Black Codes attacked Black Citizenship proposed and Black Codes attacked 14 th Amendment 14 th Amendment Black citizenship, equal protection, and due process Black citizenship, equal protection, and due process Lose representation if blacks denied the vote Lose representation if blacks denied the vote Disqualified former Conf. officeholders Disqualified former Conf. officeholders S. States must Repudiate Confederate Debts S. States must Repudiate Confederate Debts Rationale: Clash between Reps and Johnson continues, Ensure Black rights through laws, weaken former Confs Rationale: Clash between Reps and Johnson continues, Ensure Black rights through laws, weaken former Confs Reaction: Johnson vetoes, Civil Rights Act passed over his veto, 14 th must be ratified to return to union Reaction: Johnson vetoes, Civil Rights Act passed over his veto, 14 th must be ratified to return to union

Congressional Military Reconstruction military districts est. w/ generals and 20,000 troops 5 military districts est. w/ generals and 20,000 troops Temp disenfranchised former Confs. Temp disenfranchised former Confs. Readmission strict: Readmission strict: Ratify 14 th Ratify 14 th State const. must guarantee male suffrage State const. must guarantee male suffrage 15 th Amend. Passed (Universal Male Suffrage) 15 th Amend. Passed (Universal Male Suffrage) Rationale: create a favorable electorate in the South to vote in black rights, end federal responsibility Rationale: create a favorable electorate in the South to vote in black rights, end federal responsibility Reaction: Martial regime in South, Loss of Pres. Power, Rise of KKK and illegal oppression, by 1870 all states back in Union Reaction: Martial regime in South, Loss of Pres. Power, Rise of KKK and illegal oppression, by 1870 all states back in Union

. The Reconstruction Experience 1. Identify each of the following key terms. 2. Try to find major themes and concepts to link the various terms 13th Amendment Ku Klux Klan Black Codes Scalawags Literacy Tests Sharecropping Thaddeus Stevens 15th Amendment Freedmen’s Bureau Radical Republicans Elizabeth Cady Stanton Susan B. Anthony Hiram Revels 14th Amendment Carpetbaggers Force Acts Exodusters 40 Acres

Broken Promises of the New South

Emancipation Proclamation “That on the 1st day of January, A.D. 1863, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.”-

The13th Amendment” 13 th Amendment - Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

14 th Amendment 14 th Amendment- All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States... nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

15 th Amendment The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Reconstruction How free are the freedmen? What were the goals of reconstruction? What were the major question and debates during Reconstruction? How was the union “reconstructed”?

Exodusters and those that stayed behind…

Plight of the Freedman "For we colored people did not know how to be free and the white people did not know how to have a free colored person about them." - Houston Hartsfield Holloway

Greater Freedom? What are the problems that the freedmen face?

Jim Crow Legalized segregation and disenfranchisement Voting Laws Literacy Test Poll Tax Grandfather Clause

Social Oppression Secret Societies - Fear - Intimidation - Physical Violence - Harassment - Disrespect, language. - Accepted formally and informally in law. The Ku Klux Klan

Political Success? The Conservative “Rule” SUCCESS IN ELECTIONS SUCCESS IN ELECTIONS Had a majority of seats only in the lower house in South Carolina. Had a majority of seats only in the lower house in South Carolina. Most of the chief legislative and executive positions were held by Northern white Republicans -- carpetbaggers (suitcase) Most of the chief legislative and executive positions were held by Northern white Republicans -- carpetbaggers (suitcase)

Success cont...Elected Officials U.S. Senators Mississippi - Hiram R. Revels - Blanche K. Bruce U.S. Representatives - Joseph H. Rainey of South Carolina - Jefferson Long of Georgia Governor of Louisiana - P.B.S. Pinchbeck

Economic Freedom? Share Cropping: is a system of agriculture where a landowner allows a sharecropper to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land. is a system of agriculture where a landowner allows a sharecropper to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land. Crop Lien: farmer would mortgage his crop to the local store owner as payment for the supplies and necessities he would need during the year. farmer would mortgage his crop to the local store owner as payment for the supplies and necessities he would need during the year.

Compromise of 1877 Tilden (D) Vs. Hayes (R)

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “Separate but equal” Upholds Jim Crow laws