SOVEREIGNTY AND THE CIVIL WAR

DIVIDED SOVEREIGNTY Early views –Divine right of kings –Locke--consent of governed

DIVIDED SOVEREIGNTY U.S. Constitution –Within the national government Checks and balances –Between levels of government Federal, state, and local Tenth Amendment An on-going debate

SLAVERY Origins –Labor shortages indentured servants –The Constitutional debate Becoming less important Morally offensive Constitutional compromises –The cotton gin How could anyone have justified slavery?

Justification Racial differences Religion Making the best of a bad situation

Attempts at Compromise Problem: Slavery in Western Territories Compromise of 1850 –California free –Texas slave –New Mexico and Utah to decide later South--at statehood North--anytime

Failure of Compromise Constitution no help –Not for sectional controversies Supreme court no help –Dred Scott case (1857) Lived in Illinois & Wisconsin Territory Issues –Was he a citizen? –Did residency make him free Decision Political process no help –Violence in Kansas –Sectionalism

CIVIL WAR Succession –South Carolina 1st –Six others follow –Four more after war starts –Four slave states remain with Union Fort Sumter (1861) Lincoln elected (1860) –Minority of votes

Advantages –North--resources –South--location and motivation Civil War (cont)

Deaths –Revolutionary War 4,400 –War of ,300 –Civil War 560,000 –WWI 116,000 –WWII 407,000 –Korean 39,400 –Vietnam 58,000 Civil War (cont)

EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION Lincoln’s proposed solution (1862) –Assist states which free slaves –Colonize in Central America Proclamation (1863) Proclamation (1863) –Slaves freed only in areas in rebellion –Not freed in states under union control

CONSEQUENCES OF CIVIL WAR A “civil” ending 13th Amendment--slavery abolished 14th Amendment –Bill of Rights applies to the states –Equal protection under law –Citizenship for all 15th Amendment--voting and race

CONSEQUENCES OF CIVIL WAR Federal government supreme

THE ONGOING DEBATES Federal government vs. state’s rights Reparations for descendents of slaves