Westward Expansion America establishes its boundaries

Big Ideas… Between 1801 and 1861, exploration was encouraged as America underwent vast territorial expansion and settlement. Between 1801 and 1861, exploration was encouraged as America underwent vast territorial expansion and settlement. territorial expansion territorial expansion Westward migration was influenced by geography and economic opportunity. Westward migration was influenced by geography and economic opportunity. Prior to the Civil War, most industrialization in America was in the North; however, the equipment produced in the North had an impact on the farming society in the South. Prior to the Civil War, most industrialization in America was in the North; however, the equipment produced in the North had an impact on the farming society in the South. The abolitionists worked to end slavery. The abolitionists worked to end slavery. The suffrage movement helped women gain equal rights. The suffrage movement helped women gain equal rights.

Louisiana Purchase

Other Territories Oregon Oregon –The Oregon Territory was divided by the United States and Great Britain. California and Texas California and Texas –Texas was added after it became an independent republic. War with Mexico resulted in California and the southwest territory becoming part of the United States.

Florida, Texas, Oregon, California

Factors affecting westward expansion Geographic and economic factors that influenced westward movement Geographic and economic factors that influenced westward movement –Population growth in the eastern states –Availability of cheap, fertile land –Economic opportunity, e.g., gold (California Gold Rush), logging, farming, freedom (for runaway slaves) –Cheaper and faster transportation, e.g., rivers and canals (Erie Canal), steamboats –Knowledge of overland trails (Oregon and Santa Fe) –Belief in the right of “Manifest Destiny”—The idea that expansion was for the good of the country and was the right of the country

Important Inventions The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney. It increased the production of cotton and thus increased the need for slave labor to cultivate and pick the cotton. The cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney. It increased the production of cotton and thus increased the need for slave labor to cultivate and pick the cotton.

FREE LABOR IDEAL Hard work, perseverance will pay off Hard work, perseverance will pay off Education, competition, minimum regulation of economic forces Education, competition, minimum regulation of economic forces

Important Inventions Jo Anderson (a slave) and Cyrus McCormick worked to invent the reaper. The reaper increased the productivity of the American farmer. Jo Anderson (a slave) and Cyrus McCormick worked to invent the reaper. The reaper increased the productivity of the American farmer.

Famous Inventions The steamboat was improved by Robert Fulton. It eventually provided faster river transportation that connected Southern plantations and farms to Northern industries and Western territories. The steamboat was improved by Robert Fulton. It eventually provided faster river transportation that connected Southern plantations and farms to Northern industries and Western territories. The steam locomotive provided faster land transportation. The steam locomotive provided faster land transportation.

Beliefs about Civil Rights Abolitionist movement Abolitionist movement –Most abolitionists demanded immediate freeing of the slaves. –Abolitionists believed that slavery was wrong. –Morally wrong –Cruel and inhumane –A violation of the principles of democracy –Abolitionist leaders included both men and women. –Harriet Tubman –William Lloyd Garrison –Frederick Douglass

Beliefs about civil rights Suffrage movement Suffrage movement –Supporters declared that “All men and women are created equal.” –Supporters believed that women were deprived of basic rights. Denied the right to vote Denied the right to vote Denied educational opportunities, especially higher education Denied educational opportunities, especially higher education Denied equal opportunities in business Denied equal opportunities in business Limited in rights to own property Limited in rights to own property –The movement was led by strong women who began their campaign before the Civil War and continued after the war had ended. Isabel Sojourner Truth Isabel Sojourner Truth Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Texas- settlement Originally a part of Mexico- Mexican government invites American settlers in to help control the territory Originally a part of Mexico- Mexican government invites American settlers in to help control the territory Settlers agree to follow Spanish law in return for land grants- empresarios Settlers agree to follow Spanish law in return for land grants- empresarios Settlers break the agreement, esp. in regards to slavery, religion Settlers break the agreement, esp. in regards to slavery, religion

Texas- war with Mexico Mexican president Santa Anna attempts to clamp down on Texas, Texans rebel under the leadership of Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston Mexican president Santa Anna attempts to clamp down on Texas, Texans rebel under the leadership of Stephen F. Austin and Sam Houston The Alamo- settlers take over a Mexican garrison in an old mission, Santa Anna sends troops in to take it back- the settlers die defending the mission- the Alamo becomes a rallying call The Alamo- settlers take over a Mexican garrison in an old mission, Santa Anna sends troops in to take it back- the settlers die defending the mission- the Alamo becomes a rallying call

The Alamo/Lone Star Flag

Texas- Independence/Annexatio n Spurred on by “Remember the Alamo” Sam Houston’s army defeats Santa Anna’s troops at the battle of San Jacinto Spurred on by “Remember the Alamo” Sam Houston’s army defeats Santa Anna’s troops at the battle of San Jacinto The Treaty of Velasco grants Texas independence in 1836 The Treaty of Velasco grants Texas independence in 1836 Independence was a ploy- Texans really wanted admittance into the US Independence was a ploy- Texans really wanted admittance into the US After a long political battle over slavery, Texas admitted as a slave state in 1845 After a long political battle over slavery, Texas admitted as a slave state in 1845

War with Mexico President James Polk, a Southern democrat, wanted to expand into Mexico’s northern provinces President James Polk, a Southern democrat, wanted to expand into Mexico’s northern provinces After Mexico refuses to sell, Polk manufactures a border dispute, uses this “dispute” to claim Mexico had invaded US territory and attacked US troops After Mexico refuses to sell, Polk manufactures a border dispute, uses this “dispute” to claim Mexico had invaded US territory and attacked US troops After the Rio Grande Incident, he convinces Congress to go to war After the Rio Grande Incident, he convinces Congress to go to war

War with Mexico- Cont’d. War with Mexico is naked expansionism- the north doesn’t support War with Mexico is naked expansionism- the north doesn’t support The Mexican army is easily defeated in the north but refuses to give up territory- Polk sends troops to seize Mexico City The Mexican army is easily defeated in the north but refuses to give up territory- Polk sends troops to seize Mexico City Santa Anna finally gives up- The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo cedes Mexican land to the US- we later try to heal some of the bad feelings by buying a small strip of what is now Arizona and New Mexico with the Gadsen Purchase in 1854 Santa Anna finally gives up- The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo cedes Mexican land to the US- we later try to heal some of the bad feelings by buying a small strip of what is now Arizona and New Mexico with the Gadsen Purchase in 1854

The “Boy Heroes” of Mexico War leaves a strong negative impression on Mexico- they still honor the “Boy Heroes” of the 1847 Battle of Chapultepec who defended their school against the American forces War leaves a strong negative impression on Mexico- they still honor the “Boy Heroes” of the 1847 Battle of Chapultepec who defended their school against the American forces

Cartoon Analysis What is the cartoon about? Who is in the cartoon? What is the point?