APUSH The shift from Authoritarianism to Individualism in the American colonies.

African Proverb “At first we had the land the white man had the Bible. Now we have the Bible and they have the land” Be able to compare differing Native American - White relations. Pick one  1662 Powhatan uprising  Roger Williams  1637 Pequot War  1675 King Phillips/Metacom War  1676 Bacon’s Rebellion  Iroquois nation “At first we had the land the white man had the Bible. Now we have the Bible and they have the land” Be able to compare differing Native American - White relations. Pick one  1662 Powhatan uprising  Roger Williams  1637 Pequot War  1675 King Phillips/Metacom War  1676 Bacon’s Rebellion  Iroquois nation Make sure you have a clear, concise main idea. Make sure you have Specific Factual Information to support your claim

The shift from Authoritarianism to Individualism in the American colonies. Remember The Organizing Principal: Between 1607 and 1763, the British North American colonies developed experience in, and the expectation of self-government in the political, religious, economic, and social aspects of life.

Religion, Politics, Economics  Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation  John Calvin - predestination - Calvinism  Henry VIII of England - Anglican Church of England  Martin Luther 1517 Protestant Reformation  John Calvin - predestination - Calvinism  Henry VIII of England - Anglican Church of England

Beer and the Mayflower  The Mayflower is headed for Virginia…but ends up putting ashore at Plymouth rock.  One Pilgrim’s diary explains why: “We could not take time for further search or consideration, our victuals being much spent, especially our beer.”  Once ashore, they promptly erected a brew- house…. They needed to make a beer run!  The Mayflower is headed for Virginia…but ends up putting ashore at Plymouth rock.  One Pilgrim’s diary explains why: “We could not take time for further search or consideration, our victuals being much spent, especially our beer.”  Once ashore, they promptly erected a brew- house…. They needed to make a beer run!

Puritans/Separatists -Plymouth 1621  Va. Company - Mayflower Compact (squatters submitting to will of majority)  Wm Bradford  1691 merge w/ Mass. Bay colony  Va. Company - Mayflower Compact (squatters submitting to will of majority)  Wm Bradford  1691 merge w/ Mass. Bay colony Keeps the rabble from rebelling

City Upon a hill

Covenant Theology “Covenant of Grace”:  between Puritan communities and God. “Social Covenant”:  Between members of Puritan communities with each other.  Required mutual watchfulness.  No toleration of deviance or disorder.  No privacy. “Covenant of Grace”:  between Puritan communities and God. “Social Covenant”:  Between members of Puritan communities with each other.  Required mutual watchfulness.  No toleration of deviance or disorder.  No privacy.

Puritans - Mass. Bay Colony 1629  Successful. John Winthrop - City on a Hill - holy society  Covenant w/ God - “freedmen” of congregation - Congregational Church. Larger voting pop. of males than in England. Still not a “democracy”  “visible saints” only eligible for church membership and they = freedmen  Purpose of gov’t was to enforce God’s laws to all ppl  Everyone paid taxes to gov’t supported church  BIBLE COMMONWEALTH  John Cotton - defending duty of gov’t to enforce religious rules  Power of preachers not absolute - hired/fired by congregation  Can’t hold political office (historical fear) separation of church and state  Protestant work ethic  Successful. John Winthrop - City on a Hill - holy society  Covenant w/ God - “freedmen” of congregation - Congregational Church. Larger voting pop. of males than in England. Still not a “democracy”  “visible saints” only eligible for church membership and they = freedmen  Purpose of gov’t was to enforce God’s laws to all ppl  Everyone paid taxes to gov’t supported church  BIBLE COMMONWEALTH  John Cotton - defending duty of gov’t to enforce religious rules  Power of preachers not absolute - hired/fired by congregation  Can’t hold political office (historical fear) separation of church and state  Protestant work ethic We shall be as a city on a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us.

Colonizing New England

Puritan “Rebels” & Rhode Island  Rhode Island - sewer. No religious compulsory oaths. No compulsory attendance at church, no taxes to support state church - manhood suffrage. - traditional home of the other wise minded. Royal Charter Threatens patriararchal society If holy life no sure sign of salvation then truly saved shouldn’t even bother to obey law of God and man - antinomianism - Religious toleration.. civil gov’t has no authority to regulate religious behavior.

Connecticut 1630  Dutch and English  Puritans led by Rev. Thomas Hooker  1639 Fundamental Orders  Dutch and English  Puritans led by Rev. Thomas Hooker  1639 Fundamental Orders

Puritans vs. Indians  1621 Plymouth befriended by Wampanoag Indians - Squanto & Massasoit  1637 Pequot War English vs. Pequot tribe - Connecticut River  Puritans criticized in Europe - conversion pushed  1675 Metacom aka King Philip War - alliance among diff. tribes. Metacom captured - head displayed. He did slow the western march of settlers but natives no longer posed a threat  1621 Plymouth befriended by Wampanoag Indians - Squanto & Massasoit  1637 Pequot War English vs. Pequot tribe - Connecticut River  Puritans criticized in Europe - conversion pushed  1675 Metacom aka King Philip War - alliance among diff. tribes. Metacom captured - head displayed. He did slow the western march of settlers but natives no longer posed a threat

Southern New England Indian Tribes, 1636 A Pequot Village Destroyed, 1637 The Pequot Wars:

Population Comparisons: New England v. the Chesapeake New England Colonies, 1650

Unity?  1643 New England Confederation.  England in civil war  Purpose to band against natives, French, Dutch; also intercolonial runaways  Each member (regardless of size) 2 votes (populous Mass. didn’t like this)  Puritan club  Mass. Bay  Plymouth  Connecticut New Haven  Connecticut valley settlements  No Rhode Island  No Maine settlements  1643 New England Confederation.  England in civil war  Purpose to band against natives, French, Dutch; also intercolonial runaways  Each member (regardless of size) 2 votes (populous Mass. didn’t like this)  Puritan club  Mass. Bay  Plymouth  Connecticut New Haven  Connecticut valley settlements  No Rhode Island  No Maine settlements

Unity Gone?  1660 English crown restored under Charles II, James II, Wm and Mary  Colonial defiance  1662 Charles II gave rival Connecticut sea-to- sea charter  1663 Rhode Island sanctioned  1684 Mass Bay Colony’s charter revoked  1660 English crown restored under Charles II, James II, Wm and Mary  Colonial defiance  1662 Charles II gave rival Connecticut sea-to- sea charter  1663 Rhode Island sanctioned  1684 Mass Bay Colony’s charter revoked

First American Revolution?  1686 Dominion of New England  Not homegrown NE Confederation - this is royal  All NE plus NY as well as E and W Jersey  England did it to bolster defense ag. Indians  England did it to make efficient administration of Navigation Laws  Colonial rivalries; stitch colonies to motherland; no trade with non-English countries  Smuggling becomes honorable  Autocratic Sir Edmund Andros  Open affiliation with despised Church of England  1686 Dominion of New England  Not homegrown NE Confederation - this is royal  All NE plus NY as well as E and W Jersey  England did it to bolster defense ag. Indians  England did it to make efficient administration of Navigation Laws  Colonial rivalries; stitch colonies to motherland; no trade with non-English countries  Smuggling becomes honorable  Autocratic Sir Edmund Andros  Open affiliation with despised Church of England

Dominion of New England  Autocratic Sir Edmund Andros  Curbed town meetings  Restricted court, press, schools  Revoked land titles  No popular assembly - tax w/out representation  Surpress smuggling  Glorious Revolution in England  Wm and Mary  Dominion of New England collapses  Autocratic Sir Edmund Andros  Curbed town meetings  Restricted court, press, schools  Revoked land titles  No popular assembly - tax w/out representation  Surpress smuggling  Glorious Revolution in England  Wm and Mary  Dominion of New England collapses

New Mass.?  Glorious Revolution didn’t mean much besides Andros leaving  1691 new royal charter again - new permanent royal gov’t  Loss ancient charter  Now voting not just church members but all male property owners  Glorious Revolution didn’t mean much besides Andros leaving  1691 new royal charter again - new permanent royal gov’t  Loss ancient charter  Now voting not just church members but all male property owners

Glorious Revolution  Wm and Mary meant “salutory neglect”  But  More English officials remain due to Charles II)  They were often corrupt and loyal to England  Not locally elected  Wm and Mary meant “salutory neglect”  But  More English officials remain due to Charles II)  They were often corrupt and loyal to England  Not locally elected

Settling the Middle [or “Restoration”] Colonies Founded in the 1660s by:  Friends of British King Charles II.  Land speculators.  Middle class farmers & craftsmen. Founded in the 1660s by:  Friends of British King Charles II.  Land speculators.  Middle class farmers & craftsmen.

More Like Later America Than Other Regions! Economic diversity. Large cities à more cosmopolitan culture. Some slavery [6%-12% of the population]. Ethnic and religious diversity. Religious toleration. “Bread Colonies.”

Chattel Slavery  Virginia and Maryland – 1660s  Legally defined chattel slavery  The status of the child would be determined based on the MOTHER and not the FATHER  Ran contradictory to English law  Children born to slave owners and slave mothers were automatically slaves  Virginia and Maryland – 1660s  Legally defined chattel slavery  The status of the child would be determined based on the MOTHER and not the FATHER  Ran contradictory to English law  Children born to slave owners and slave mothers were automatically slaves

Spain’s Tribute Colonies  A New American World:  Encomienda System – Spanish conquistadors received land from the crown  Based almost entirely on Indian slave labor  Very harsh, yet profitable  Spanish social classes:  Mestizos, Mulattos, and Zambos emerged  Many Spanish priests sought to convert Indians  The Columbian Exchange  Exchange of goods, people, disease, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and Americas  New crops were introduced to Europe – potato, maize  Horse had large impact on Indian life  In some areas, 90% of Indian population decreased  The Protestant Challenge to Spain  England began to build up its navy in the 16 th century  Mercantilism – purpose was to benefit the Mother Country (England) by exporting more goods than importing  A New American World:  Encomienda System – Spanish conquistadors received land from the crown  Based almost entirely on Indian slave labor  Very harsh, yet profitable  Spanish social classes:  Mestizos, Mulattos, and Zambos emerged  Many Spanish priests sought to convert Indians  The Columbian Exchange  Exchange of goods, people, disease, and ideas between Europe, Africa, and Americas  New crops were introduced to Europe – potato, maize  Horse had large impact on Indian life  In some areas, 90% of Indian population decreased  The Protestant Challenge to Spain  England began to build up its navy in the 16 th century  Mercantilism – purpose was to benefit the Mother Country (England) by exporting more goods than importing

Plantation Colonies  Plantations in the Americas grew as a result of increased demand for sugar and tobacco  Brazil’s Sugar Plantations:  Very arduous labor, milling was done on site  As Indian populations declined, African slave labor was introduced  England’s Tobacco Colonies:  Jamestown: (1607)  Joint Stock Company (investors shared in profits and losses of colony)  Originally all men, hoped to gain gold  Eventually, tobacco became a major cash crop, but exhausted the land -> encroach on Indian land  House of Burgesses – first representative government in US (1619)  The Indian War of 1622:  1/3 of Jamestown population was killed by Indian attacks, English retaliated  Jamestown became a royal colony in 1624 – colonists had to pay taxes to support the Church of England  Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland:  Proprietor colony – royal grant of land granted by the King  Maryland Acts of Toleration (1649) – granted religious freedom to CHRISTIANS only, particularly Catholics  Maryland relied heavily on tobacco, like the other Chesapeake colony, Virginia  Plantations in the Americas grew as a result of increased demand for sugar and tobacco  Brazil’s Sugar Plantations:  Very arduous labor, milling was done on site  As Indian populations declined, African slave labor was introduced  England’s Tobacco Colonies:  Jamestown: (1607)  Joint Stock Company (investors shared in profits and losses of colony)  Originally all men, hoped to gain gold  Eventually, tobacco became a major cash crop, but exhausted the land -> encroach on Indian land  House of Burgesses – first representative government in US (1619)  The Indian War of 1622:  1/3 of Jamestown population was killed by Indian attacks, English retaliated  Jamestown became a royal colony in 1624 – colonists had to pay taxes to support the Church of England  Lord Baltimore Settles Catholics in Maryland:  Proprietor colony – royal grant of land granted by the King  Maryland Acts of Toleration (1649) – granted religious freedom to CHRISTIANS only, particularly Catholics  Maryland relied heavily on tobacco, like the other Chesapeake colony, Virginia

Plantation Colonies Cont.  The Caribbean Islands:  Like Brazil, these colonies focused on sugar production  Plantation Life:  Planation's grew in part, due to the Headright System:  Gave 50 acres of land to someone who paid for an immigrant’s passage – benefited the rich  Indentured Servitude:  In return for passage, individuals would work 4-5 years, then could be free  ½ of all servants died before they became free  Used extensively in the Chesapeake colonies in 17 th century  African Laborers:  Used more heavily in the Caribbean originally (sugar)  Used more in the Chesapeake due to Bacon’s Rebellion and it was cheaper than indentured servants  Strict laws developed that promoted racism and regulated behavior of blacks  The Caribbean Islands:  Like Brazil, these colonies focused on sugar production  Plantation Life:  Planation's grew in part, due to the Headright System:  Gave 50 acres of land to someone who paid for an immigrant’s passage – benefited the rich  Indentured Servitude:  In return for passage, individuals would work 4-5 years, then could be free  ½ of all servants died before they became free  Used extensively in the Chesapeake colonies in 17 th century  African Laborers:  Used more heavily in the Caribbean originally (sugar)  Used more in the Chesapeake due to Bacon’s Rebellion and it was cheaper than indentured servants  Strict laws developed that promoted racism and regulated behavior of blacks

New Netherland - New York  Dutch East India company in East Asia  Henry Hudson  Dutch West India company in New Netherland  New Amsterdam was company town  Don’t care for religious, political tolerance  Strongly aristocratic  Dutch East India company in East Asia  Henry Hudson  Dutch West India company in New Netherland  New Amsterdam was company town  Don’t care for religious, political tolerance  Strongly aristocratic

New-European Colonies  New France:  Expanded into the North American interior (Canada)  Quebec was established as a trading post (fur)  Established Jesuit priests sought to convert Indians  Coureurs de bois – French fur traders  New Netherland:  New Amsterdam (Manhattan) was a small colony, but engaged in significant commerce  Like the French, the Dutch traded furs  The Rise of the Iroquois:  Located in central and Western NY  Treaded weapons and goods with the Dutch and French  Remained a strong force in NY  New France:  Expanded into the North American interior (Canada)  Quebec was established as a trading post (fur)  Established Jesuit priests sought to convert Indians  Coureurs de bois – French fur traders  New Netherland:  New Amsterdam (Manhattan) was a small colony, but engaged in significant commerce  Like the French, the Dutch traded furs  The Rise of the Iroquois:  Located in central and Western NY  Treaded weapons and goods with the Dutch and French  Remained a strong force in NY

New-European Colonies Cont.  New England:  The Pilgrims  Separatists that wanted to break away from the Church of England  Plymouth’s climate was not as harsh as the Chesapeake  Representative self-government was established  Puritans – wanted to purify the English Church, NOT separate from it  John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay:  Sought to establish a “City Upon a Hill”  Believed in predestination  Church members had tremendous power – only ones that could vote; not religiously tolerant  Roger Williams and Rhode Island:  Advocated separation of church and state, religious toleration, and friendly relations with Indians  Banished to Rhode Island by Winthrop  No legally established church in RI  New England:  The Pilgrims  Separatists that wanted to break away from the Church of England  Plymouth’s climate was not as harsh as the Chesapeake  Representative self-government was established  Puritans – wanted to purify the English Church, NOT separate from it  John Winthrop and Massachusetts Bay:  Sought to establish a “City Upon a Hill”  Believed in predestination  Church members had tremendous power – only ones that could vote; not religiously tolerant  Roger Williams and Rhode Island:  Advocated separation of church and state, religious toleration, and friendly relations with Indians  Banished to Rhode Island by Winthrop  No legally established church in RI

New Netherland and Neighbors  Hostile natives  Hostile New England esp Connecticut  New Sweden on Delaware River trespassed on New Netherland land  1655 Dutch wiped out New Sweden led by Peter Stuyvesant  1664 Stuyvesant surrender to Duke of York  New Amsterdam becomes New York  Hostile natives  Hostile New England esp Connecticut  New Sweden on Delaware River trespassed on New Netherland land  1655 Dutch wiped out New Sweden led by Peter Stuyvesant  1664 Stuyvesant surrender to Duke of York  New Amsterdam becomes New York

New-European Colonies Cont.  Anne Hutchinson:  Seen as a major threat to Puritans  Challenged gender roles in Church  Claimed to have direct revelations with God  Banished from MBC  Puritanism and Witchcraft:  Salem Witch Trials:  Hysteria throughout MA in late 17 th century  Accused tended to be wealthier, widowed, and middle-ages  Reflected religious and social tensions  Most of the accused were “independent” which challenged Puritan society  After the hysteria ended, prosecution for witchcraft declined  Many colonists started to embrace ideas of the Enlightenment  Anne Hutchinson:  Seen as a major threat to Puritans  Challenged gender roles in Church  Claimed to have direct revelations with God  Banished from MBC  Puritanism and Witchcraft:  Salem Witch Trials:  Hysteria throughout MA in late 17 th century  Accused tended to be wealthier, widowed, and middle-ages  Reflected religious and social tensions  Most of the accused were “independent” which challenged Puritan society  After the hysteria ended, prosecution for witchcraft declined  Many colonists started to embrace ideas of the Enlightenment

Instability, War, and Rebellion  New England’s Indian Wars:  Puritan-Pequot War:  Pequots were allied with the Dutch, had conflicts with English settlers  500 men, women, and children were massacred by Indians, New England retaliated harshly and gained land  Some settlers saw smallpox and other diseases that decimated Indians as doing “God’s work” (John Winthrop)  Metacom’s War, 1675 – 1676:  Metacom (King Philip) was a leader of the Wampanoags  Metacom was eventually killed and Natives were rarely a threat in New England after  New England’s Indian Wars:  Puritan-Pequot War:  Pequots were allied with the Dutch, had conflicts with English settlers  500 men, women, and children were massacred by Indians, New England retaliated harshly and gained land  Some settlers saw smallpox and other diseases that decimated Indians as doing “God’s work” (John Winthrop)  Metacom’s War, 1675 – 1676:  Metacom (King Philip) was a leader of the Wampanoags  Metacom was eventually killed and Natives were rarely a threat in New England after

Instability, War, and Rebellion Cont.  Bacon’s Rebellion:  Gov. Berkeley did not allow settlement past a line  In the “west” many famers were underrepresented in the House of Burgesses  Conflict between Natives and “westerners” like Bacon  Bacon almost took control, died suddenly  Significance?  Movement towards slaves for labor  Shows tensions between rich and poor, East and West  Bacon’s Rebellion:  Gov. Berkeley did not allow settlement past a line  In the “west” many famers were underrepresented in the House of Burgesses  Conflict between Natives and “westerners” like Bacon  Bacon almost took control, died suddenly  Significance?  Movement towards slaves for labor  Shows tensions between rich and poor, East and West

Pennsylvania  Dissenters - Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) - dissent against religious and civil authority  Use “thees and thous” rather than titles  All children of God  Abhorred strife  Dissenters - Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) - dissent against religious and civil authority  Use “thees and thous” rather than titles  All children of God  Abhorred strife The “Holy Experiment”

Pennsylvania  1681 William Penn granted immense territory by King  Best advertised colony  Liberal land policy  Traded and treated Indians fairly.  Liberal regime  Representative assembly elected by landowners  No tax supported state church drained coffers  Freedom of worship was guaranteed to all (except Jews/Catholics)  1681 William Penn granted immense territory by King  Best advertised colony  Liberal land policy  Traded and treated Indians fairly.  Liberal regime  Representative assembly elected by landowners  No tax supported state church drained coffers  Freedom of worship was guaranteed to all (except Jews/Catholics)

Pennsylvania  No provision for military defense  No restrictions on immigrations  Did have “blue laws”  Rich ethnic mix  Fast growing colony  LEGACY: new commonwealth. Based on civil and religious liberty. Based on freedom fo conscience and worship  No provision for military defense  No restrictions on immigrations  Did have “blue laws”  Rich ethnic mix  Fast growing colony  LEGACY: new commonwealth. Based on civil and religious liberty. Based on freedom fo conscience and worship

Ethnic Groups

Crisis Iroquois Lands & European Trade Centers King Philip’s War, 1675 – 1676)

Quick Recap  Columbian Exchange included diseases as well as goods (potatoes, maize, horses)  MD Acts of Toleration applied to ONLY Christians  Headright System and indentured servants  Chesapeake focused on indentured servants and tobacco -> expansion on Indian land  New France traded and had friendly relations with Indians  No religious toleration in MBC: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson  Bacon’s Rebellion showed tensions between “east and west” or “rich v. poor” and led to an increase in slavery  Columbian Exchange included diseases as well as goods (potatoes, maize, horses)  MD Acts of Toleration applied to ONLY Christians  Headright System and indentured servants  Chesapeake focused on indentured servants and tobacco -> expansion on Indian land  New France traded and had friendly relations with Indians  No religious toleration in MBC: Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson  Bacon’s Rebellion showed tensions between “east and west” or “rich v. poor” and led to an increase in slavery