Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids SBI4U - Biochemistry Macromolecules Carbohydrates & Lipids

Organic Chemistry originally the chemistry of compounds produced by living organisms in general organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, and usually other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen

Macromolecules macromolecules are large molecules that are often composed of repeating sub-units some of the biologically important macromolecules are: carbohydrates -lipids proteins -nucleic acids

Functional Groups specific clusters of atoms attached to the carbon backbone functional groups react in characteristic ways, giving chemical properties to macromolecules, and are involved in most reactions in living organisms

Functional Groups Image from: http://www. bothbrainsandbeauty hydroxyl - in alcohols, carbohydrates, steroids, some amino acids phosphate - nucleic acids, ATP, some proteins carbonyl - in ketones & aldehydes sulfhydryl - some amino acids carboxyl - in amino acids, fatty acids amino - in amino acids

Electronegativity (Image from: http://www.britannica.com)

Polar vs. Non-Polar molecular polarity is determined by: polarity of bonds within molecule symmetry of molecular structure polarity of molecules or functional groups determines characteristics such as solubility

Carbohydrates Image from: http://www. lifetime-fitness carbohydrates are the most important energy source animals cannot synthesize carbohydrates; they must be consumed in plant material

Structure of Carbohydrates carbohydrates are made up of either single sugar molecules, or chains of many single sugar molecules monosaccharides disaccharides oligosaccharides polysaccharides

Monosaccharides Image from: http://www. phschool single sugars in straight chain or ring form C:H:O usually in 1:2:1 ratio (glucose is C6H12O6) examples: fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose

Monosaccharides Image from: http://course1. winona some monosaccharides are isomers, e.g., glucose, fructose, and galactose

Find the sugars… Image from: http://amerthehammer

Disaccharides Image from: http://mansfield. osu. edu/~sabedon/biol1020 sugar molecules made from 2 single sugars formed by a dehydration synthesis (condensation) reaction See animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyDnnD3fMaU Sucrose, maltose (malt sugar used in making beer), lactose (in milk), etc.

Polysaccharides oligosaccharides are shorter-chain sugars with 3-10 single sugars longer chain carbohydrates are called polysaccharides examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

Polysaccharides Image from: http://www.yellowtang.org/chemistry.php

Lipids Image from: http://www. herdaily 3 groups: fats, oils, waxes phospholipids steroids Functions: energy storage insulation absorption of vitamins raw materials

Triglycerides Image from: http://homepage. smc most common type of fat glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains See animation: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3xF_LK9pnL0

Phospholipids Image from: http://www. bioteach. ubc key component of cell membranes 1 glycerol + 2 fatty acid chains + 1 phosphate group phosphate end is polar and water-soluble, fatty acid end is non-polar

Phospholipids Image from: http://micro. magnet. fsu

Waxes Image from: http://igiwax.com/wax-basics/overview/ long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols/carbon rings suitable as water-proof coating for plant leaves, animal feathers, etc.

Steroids (Sterols) Images from: http://en. wikipedia Steroids (Sterols) Images from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cholesterol_structure.png and http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Testosterone_structure.png carbon-based multiple-ring structure used to make hormones such as estrogen and testosterone