Cell Structures Review

Cell Wall / Cell Membrane

Cell Membrane

 Surrounds all cells  Allows nutrients in and waste out  Contains pores to allow the materials to pass in/out = semipermeable  Double-layered

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm Cell Membrane Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm  Clear (colorless)  Gel like  Continually in motion  Mostly made of water

Nucleus

Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nuclear membrane

Nucleus  Largest and most visible organelle  Covered by a membrane (nuclear membrane) to separate it from the rest of the cell  Control center of a cell

Chromosomes Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Chromosomes Nuclear membrane

Chromosomes  Contains chromosomes – threadlike structures made of DNA  Deoxyribonucleic acid  Genes – section of chromosome which gives you your traits  Two chromosomes with the same trait – homologous pair  One chromosome came from mom/one from dad

Genes  Section of a chromosome That determines your traits Gene

Chromosomes Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Chromosomes Homologous pair

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)  Two areas  Rough – contains ribosomes  Smooth – no ribosomes  Breaks down drugs that could damage the cell

Endoplasmic reticulum (cont.)  The internal delivery system – it is like a road where a delivery truck moves packages  Look like folds of cloth UPS

Mitochondria Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Chromosomes Homologous pair Mitochondria

Mitochondria  Hot dog-shaped organelle  Food changes into energy (ATP)  Surrounded by two membranes  Works only with oxygen present (comes from breathing)

Mitochondria (continued)  More mitochondria = more energy  Heart has many mitochondria

Ribosomes  Produces proteins (proteins necessary for life processes)  Smallest organelle  Present in all cells  Not covered by a membrane

Diagram of an Animal Cell Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Nucleus Nuclear membrane Homologous pair Chromosome Mitochondria Lysosome Golgi Body Ribosomes

Chloroplasts

Cell Wall Cell Membrane Cell Wall

 Located outside the cell membrane  Found in plants  Gives strength (rigid) so plant stands up  Made of fibers of cellulose  Also contains pores to allow materials to pass in/out

Chloroplasts Video

Chloroplasts Cell Membrane Cell Wall Chloroplasts

Chloroplasts  Converts energy from the sun  Contains chlorophyll – a green chemical used to trap sunlight  Makes sugar by a process called photosynthesis

Diagram of a Plant Cell Nucleus Nuclear membrane Chromosome Homologous pair Mitochondria Cell Membrane Cytoplasm Cell Wall Chloroplasts

Golgi complex  Packaging center  Packages proteins to be shipped out of cell  Looks like ER but is closer to cell membrane

Vacuole  Store water and other liquids  Vacuoles in lettuce that are full help to make it crisp  Vacuoles in roses and violets have colorful liquids to make their color  Vacuoles in oranges and other fruits make them juicy

Lysosomes  Digest food particles  Digest worn-out organelles  Get rid of waste materials  Protect against foreign invaders  If the membrane breaks the enzymes kill the cell