Post Revolution Crisis New Federal Gov’t Creation of State Gov’ts Land expansion

SSUSH5 A. Explain how weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation and Daniel Shays’ Rebellion led to a call for a stronger central government.

What Where the Colonists afraid of?

What Were the Colonists afraid of? -Strong Central Government (King) -Taxes -Judges controlled by a king -Large standing armies

The Articles of Confederation Document that governed the United States from

Main Points Legislative branch: Unicameral Congress –(single chamber) –One state, one vote, one representative No Execute branch, No President No Judicial branch, –states controlled the courts No federal court system

Congressional Powers Only those expressed in the Articles –Foreign affairs Makes treaties –Defense Declares War –Prints Money, delivers mail –The states had the rest

Weaknesses of the Articles Weak national government Couldn’t levy taxes –(they requested money from states) No regulation of trade Couldn’t force anyone to obey the laws it passed –…that was up to the states. Laws needed approval of 9 of the 13 states

Weaknesses of the Articles Votes of smaller states could block those of the larger states. 1 vote per state….no matter the size. Changing the Articles is difficult 13 out of 13…..virtually impossible No executive branch No court system States have more power than Federal Government

Achievements of Articles Established fair policy for development of land west of the Appalachians Peace Treaty with Great Britain in 1783 Set up Foreign Affairs, War, and Treasury departments –Set precedent for creation of cabinet dept.’s

New Gov’t - What is it? Articles of Confederation are first form of U.S. constitution - Articles split power between national body—Congress—and states

A New System of Government Congress passes Articles of Confederation in 1777; Articles go to states for approval By 1778 eight states ratify, or pass, Articles Small states with no land west of Appalachians refuse to sign - want states with western lands to give land to Congress All states agree to turn over western lands by 1781; Articles ratified

The Northwest Ordinance Congress divides western land—Northwest Territory—for settlement Becomes Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota Congress passes Northwest Ordinance in sets up process for territories to become states - establishes religious freedom, trial by jury; outlaws slavery Ordinance becomes blueprint for future territories and states

National Gov’t Lacks Power Articles prohibit Congress from setting taxes; U.S. can’t pay war debt Congress cannot enforce laws or settle interstate trade problems U.S. has $42 million war debt; most owed to veterans Many soldiers receive Northwest Territory land as payment State taxes are high, citizens cannot pay; revolts in Massachusetts

Foreign-Relations Problems U.S. does not pay debts to British merchants or compensate Loyalists In retaliation, Britain refuses to evacuate forts on Great Lakes In 1784, Spain closes Mississippi River to American navigation Westerners unable to ship crops east through New Orleans Congress unable to resolve problems with foreign nations

Shay’s Article Questions How were veterans “rewarded” after the Revolution? Who were the regulators? How and Why did they use intimidation as a tactic? How did Shay’s Rebellion lead to a stronger central Government?

Shays’ Rebellion Daniel Shays—Massachusetts farmer, war veteran unable to pay taxes In January 1787 leads other angry farmers to seize guns in Springfield State troops stop rebellion; Congress lacks resources, power to help Congress calls meeting to revise Articles

Constitutional Convention Some want only to revise Articles; some hope to redesign government Goal is to balance individual rights with power of central government George Washington president of Convention Discussions kept secret so all can speak freely Democratic Republic: - democratic-government reflects people’s will -republic- representatives chosen by people to govern

Compromises Resolve Disputes Balance of power between large, small states is greatest argument Under Articles, Congress has one house Decide Congress should be bicameral, or have two houses - House of Representatives- votes based on state population - Senate- same number of votes for each state Bicameral solution called Great Compromise

The Three-Fifths Compromise Great Compromise creates new issue of how to count people Southern states want slaves counted, but not taxed Northern states want slaves taxed but not counted Three-Fifths Compromise—counts five slaves as three people - applies to taxation and Congressional representation

Other Compromises Slavery creates new debate—Northern states want it banned South disagrees, especially South Carolina, Georgia Decide to reject Constitution if ban passes; compromise reached - Congress will not ban importation of slaves until 1808 Fourth compromise the Commerce Clause - allows Congress to collect taxes, control interstate trade

Division of Powers Delegates divide power of national government into three branches: - legislative branch makes laws - judicial branch interprets laws - executive branch enforces laws Each branch has power to check, or control, actions of other two - called system of checks and balances

The Electoral College Voters in each state choose representatives called electors Number of state’s electors equal to number of Congress members Electors—in group called Electoral College—vote for president

Delegates Approve the Constitution Delegates sign Constitution after four months of debate Constitution now goes to state conventions for ratification Nine of 13 states must ratify to become law

Federalists and Anti-federalists People debate the Constitution prior to conventions Federalists—system in which state, national governments share power Antifederalists fear Constitution takes away state powers - also want bill of rights to define rights of the people Constitution ratified by July 1788, but still need Virginia, New York - both states ratify on promise of bill of rights

The Bill of Rights James Madison writes the Bill of Rights; first act of new government - protects citizens against government power - guarantees freedom of speech, religion, press; trial by jury - does not limit rights not specifically mentioned in Constitution - becomes first 10 amendments to the Constitution Constitution sets up national government; states govern themselves

Adoption of a Bill of Rights 1791, Bill of Rights, or first ten amendments, ratified by states First Amendment—freedom of religion, speech, press, politics Second, Third—right to bear arms, no quartering of soldiers Fourth through Eighth—fair treatment for persons accused of crimes Ninth—people’s rights not limited to those mentioned in Constitution Tenth—people, states have all rights not specifically assigned