Age of Jackson Unit IVA AP United States History

Jacksonian Democracy  The “Common Man”  Universal male suffrage  Strict constructionism  Laissez-faire economics  Democratization of nominations for elected office  Party caucuses to national conventions  Increase in local and state elected offices  Rise of third parties  Spoils system  Manifest Destiny “County Election” George Caleb Bingham 1852

Election of 1824  Democratic-Republicans fracturing  Election of 1824 has four candidates  Sec. of State John Quincy Adams  General/Senator Andrew Jackson  Sec. of Treasury William Crawford  Speaker of the House Henry Clay  “Corrupt Bargain”  House of Representatives chooses Adams  Impact  Establishment of Democrats and National Republicans  Second Party System

House Vote for Election of 1824

John Quincy Adams (NR) ( )  Son of Federalist John Adams  National Republican  Corrupt Bargain  Most of his proposals rejected by a pro-Jackson Congress  Alienated the South and West  Tariff of 1828  Tariff of Abominations

Second Party System ( )  Democrats:  States’ rights  Laissez-faire  Expansionism  Pro-slavery  Equal opportunity  South and West  Yeoman farmers, working class, plantation owners  National Republicans/Whigs:  American System  Strong federal government  Mixed on slavery  Social conservatives  New England  Upper and middle class professionals  Anti-Masonic Party:  issue party concerned about Freemasons  promoted economic nationalism and social conservatism  Liberty Party:  abolitionist party  Free Soil Party:  Prevent expansion of slavery Andrew Jackson Henry Clay

Election of 1828  Andrew Jackson (D)  John Q. Adams (NR)  Political campaigns on national levels  Coffin Handbills  Jackson’s wife

“Old Hickory”  Unlike the previous presidents  Duelist, Gambler, Bar Fighter, Pipe- Smoker, Tobacco Chewer  War hero  Exemplified common man success  Practiced the spoils system  Hired loyalists and friends  Took office promising a strong executive  “It was settled by the Constitution, the laws, and the whole practice of the government that the entire executive power is vested in the President of the United States.”  Endorsed states’ rights  Considered himself a Jeffersonian Democrat

Andrew Jackson (D) ( )  Vetoed more bills by Congress than all predecessors  Maysville Road (1830)  Peggy Eaton Affair  “Kitchen Cabinet”  Private group of trusted advisors  Major Issues  Native Removal  Nullification Crisis  Bank of the United States

Jackson and Native Removal  Indian Removal Act (1830)  Negotiate with Native tribes for removal west to lands west of the Mississippi  Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831)  Determined Native tribes not to be “foreign states” but as “domestic dependent nations”  Worcester v. Georgia (1832)  Determined sovereignty of Native tribes therefore not subject to state laws  Apocryphal: “John Marshall had made his decision. Now let him enforce it!” - Andrew Jackson  Trail of Tears  Many died from exposure, disease, starvation  60,000 removed; 15,000 died

Jackson and the Nullification Crisis  Tariff of Abominations (1828)  South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828)  Inspired by Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions  State could nullify federal law or possibly secede if necessary  Webster-Haynes Debates (1830)  Senator Robert Hayne (SC) promotes nullification and states’ rights  Daniel Webster argues supremacy of U.S. Constitution, nullification/secession is treason;  “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”  Jefferson Day Dinner (1830)  Andrew Jackson: “Our federal Union: It must be preserved.”  John C. Calhoun: “The Union: Next to our Liberty, the most dear.”  Tariff of 1832  South Carolina’s Ordinance of Nullification (1832)  Force Bill (1833)  Tariff of 1833

Jackson and the Bank War  Nicholas Biddle  Bank supported by Henry Clay and Daniel Webster  Andrew Jackson  “You are a den of vipers and thieves. I have determined to rout you out, and by the Eternal, I will rout you out!”  “The bank, Mr. Van Buren, is trying to kill me, but I will kill it.”  Death of the National Bank  Jackson vetoed the charter  Transferred funds to state banks aka “pet banks”

Election of 1836  Martin van Buren (D)  Jackson’s VP  Whig Candidates  William Henry Harrison (OH)  Hugh White (TN)  Daniel Webster (MA)  Willie Mangum (NC)

Panic of 1837  National debt paid off in 1835  Specie Circular (1836)  Purchase of federal lands by gold and silver  Panic of 1837  Land speculation and crop failures  Hard currency led to devalue of paper money and inflation  Denial of Bank charter  States overextended in infrastructure projects  Banks closed; unemployment increased; depression for next five years