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Legislatures Chambers of Representation? March 4 th, 2004

Structure legislatures designed as mechanisms of representation  who, or what, are they intended to represent?

Structure unicameralism vs. bicameralism  unicameralism  Israeli (Knesset), Denmark (Folketing), Norway (Sorting), Sweden (Riksdag)  bicameralism  Canada -- House of Commons, Senate  US – House of Representatives, Senate  Germany – Bundestag, Bundesrat  Britain – House of Commons, House of Lords  France – National Assembly, Senate

Structure bicameralism  lower house is typically elected on the basis of representation by population  bicameralism is always is an attempt to represent interests that would not be represented in a elected lower house based on representation by population  usually insulated to some degree from immediate electoral pressure  may be elected, non-elected, or indirectly elected  typically longer electoral terms  examples...  British House of Lords  Canadian Senate  American Senate  German Bundesrat  French Senate

Issues of Representation design of legislatures raises important questions about representation...  can interests of a group be represented by someone who is not a member of that group???  elite democrats?  majoritarian democrats?

Gender Representation in National Legislatures female representation in legislatures is low female representation decreases as the importance of the position increases representation of women tends to be concentrated in certain types of roles female representation varies significantly even within western industrialized countries

Gender Representation in National Legislatures female representation in legislatures is low

Gender Representation

Gender Representation in National Legislatures female representation in legislatures is low female representation decreases as the importance of the position increases

Gender Representation

Gender Representation in National Legislatures female representation in legislatures is low female representation decreases as the importance of the position increases representation of women tends to be concentrated in certain types of roles

Gender Representation in National Legislatures female representation in legislatures is low female representation decreases as the importance of the position increases representation of women tends to be concentrated in certain types of roles female representation varies significantly even within western industrialized countries

Gender Representation in National Legislatures female representation in legislatures is low female representation decreases as the importance of the position increases representation of women tends to be concentrated in certain types of roles female representation varies significantly even within western industrialized countries

The Canadian Ministry (in order of precedence) 1. The Right Honourable Paul Martin, Prime Minister 2. The Honourable Jacob Austin Leader of the Government in the Senate 3. The Honourable David Anderson, Environment 4. The Honourable Ralph E. Goodale, Finance 5. The Honourable Anne McLellan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Public Safety 6. The Honourable Lucienne Robillard, Industry 7. The Honourable Pierre S. Pettigrew, Health, Intergovernmental Affairs, and Official Languages 8. The Honourable James Scott Peterson, Trade 9. The Honourable Andrew Mitchell, Indian Affairs 10. The Honourable Claudette Bradshaw, Labour and Minister responsible for Homelessness 11. The Honourable Denis Coderre President of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada 12. The Honourable Rey D. Pagtakhan, Western Economic Diversification 13. The Honourable John McCallum, Veterans Affairs 14. The Honourable Stephen Owen, Public Works and Government Services 15. The Honourable William Graham, Foreign Affairs 16. The Honourable Stan Kazmierczak Keyes, National Revenue 17. The Honourable Robert Speller, Agriculture 18. The Honourable Giuseppe (Joseph) Volpe, Human Resources and Skills Development 19. The Honourable Reginald B. Alcock President of the Treasury Board and Minister responsible for the Canadian Wheat Board 20. The Honourable Geoff Regan, Fisheries and Oceans 21. The Honourable Tony Valeri, Transport 22. The Honourable David Pratt, National Defence 23. The Honourable Jacques Saada, Democratic Reform 24. The Honourable Irwin Cotler, Justice 25. The Honourable Judy Sgro, Citizenship and Immigration 26. The Honourable Hélène Chalifour Scherrer, Canadian Heritage 27. The Honourable Ruben John Efford, Natural Resources 28. The Honourable Liza Frulla, Social Development 29. The Honourable Joseph McGuire Minister of Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency 30. The Honourable Mauril Bélanger Deputy Leader of the Government in the House of Commons 31. The Honourable M. Aileen Carroll, International Cooperation

The Canadian Ministry (in order of precedence) 1. The Right Honourable Paul Martin, Prime Minister 2. The Honourable Jacob Austin Leader of the Government in the Senate 3. The Honourable David Anderson, Environment 4. The Honourable Ralph E. Goodale, Finance 5. The Honourable Anne McLellan, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Public Safety 6. The Honourable Lucienne Robillard, Industry 7. The Honourable Pierre S. Pettigrew, Health, Intergovernmental Affairs, and Official Languages 8. The Honourable James Scott Peterson, Trade 9. The Honourable Andrew Mitchell, Indian Affairs 10. The Honourable Claudette Bradshaw, Labour and Minister responsible for Homelessness 11. The Honourable Denis Coderre President of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada 12. The Honourable Rey D. Pagtakhan, Western Economic Diversification 13. The Honourable John McCallum, Veterans Affairs 14. The Honourable Stephen Owen, Public Works and Government Services 15. The Honourable William Graham, Foreign Affairs 16. The Honourable Stan Kazmierczak Keyes, National Revenue 17. The Honourable Robert Speller, Agriculture 18. The Honourable Giuseppe (Joseph) Volpe, Human Resources and Skills Development 19. The Honourable Reginald B. Alcock President of the Treasury Board and Minister responsible for the Canadian Wheat Board 20. The Honourable Geoff Regan, Fisheries and Oceans 21. The Honourable Tony Valeri, Transport 22. The Honourable David Pratt, National Defence 23. The Honourable Jacques Saada, Democratic Reform 24. The Honourable Irwin Cotler, Justice 25. The Honourable Judy Sgro, Citizenship and Immigration 26. The Honourable Hélène Chalifour Scherrer, Canadian Heritage 27. The Honourable Ruben John Efford, Natural Resources 28. The Honourable Liza Frulla, Social Development 29. The Honourable Joseph McGuire Minister of Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency 30. The Honourable Mauril Bélanger Deputy Leader of the Government in the House of Commons 31. The Honourable M. Aileen Carroll, International Cooperation

Gender Representation in National Legislatures gender parity laws  Tanzania, Bangladesh, Eritrea, India, Uganda, Belgium, France France  constitutional change in 2000  provides that 50% of all party candidates must be female  mandatory at local/municipal level  violations subject to fines at the national level