WORKSHOP ON MARKET ACCESS IN THE DOHA WORK PROGRAMME Ministry of Foreign Trade & International Cooperation and UNCTAD Guyana, September 2002 WTO NEGOTIATIONS.

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WORKSHOP ON MARKET ACCESS IN THE DOHA WORK PROGRAMME Ministry of Foreign Trade & International Cooperation and UNCTAD Guyana, September 2002 WTO NEGOTIATIONS ON AGRICULTURE - Time Frame of Negotiations -Negotiating Positions -Contentious Issues

2 TIME FRAME OF NEGOTIATION

Negotiations on “Modalities”

5 MARKET ACCESS MODALITIES TARIFFS TARIFF QUOTAS TARIFF QUOTA ADMINISTRATION SPECIAL SAFEGUARD MEASURES OTHER ISSUES

6 MARKET ACCESS MODALITIES Item / ParameterModalitiesS&D Product coveragee.g. All agricultural products as per Annex 1 of the Agreement on Agriculture Base ratese.g. Final bound Uruguay Round rates and other bound rates as per Members' Schedules

7 MODALITIES: Tariffs and TRQs Reduction method / target for further commitments Reduction methode.g. Formula for further tariff cuts Reduction target Other commitmentse.g. With respect to simplification of tariff systems Implementation period and staging of further commitments

8 MODALITIES: Importing State Enterprises Scope of entities to which additional/improved disciplines would be applicable e.g. As per paragraph 1 of the Understanding on the Interpretation of Article XVII of GATT and the related illustrative list (document G/STR/4) Specific disciplinese.g. Relating to the special rights and privileges granted to importing STEs

9 MODALITIES: SSG and Other SPECIAL SAFEGUARD MEASURES (e.g. Maintenance / modification / elimination of price-based and/or quantity- based Article 5 special safeguard measures OTHER ISSUES: Trade Preferences Food Security Food Safety

10 NEGOTIATING POSITIONS

11 “Major” Players CAIRNSGROUP USA EU Central/Easter n European countries Norway, Japan, Korea Domestic support? Substantial tariff cuts? Eliminate export subsidies “Multifunctionality” Domestic support? Export subsidies? Massive cut in domestic support Switzerland

12 “Developing Countries” Export Markets Domestic Markets Substantial and progressive liberalization (Cairns Group) Flexible and gradual liberalization, taking into account non-trade concerns (Multifunctionality group) better market access less trade distortion food security, rural development

13 “CONTENTIOUS” ISSUES

14 IMBALANCE IMBALANCE between developed countries and DCs “The existing AoA rules seem to bestow S&D treatment on developed rather than developing countries.” (from the Development Box proposal)

15 SPECIAL & DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT How to redress the imbalance? ? Widen the scope of S&D -more flexibility in WTO rules to meet development need -specific S&D to meet different needs among DCs -review the Enabling Clause … or not? -liberalization by all is the best S&D -enough flexibility to meet adjustment needs -S&D should not harm other DCs -no discrimination among DCs

16 NON-TRADE CONCERNS Should they determine the scope of liberalization? -Multifunctionality of agriculture -Characteristics or objective? -Specific to agriculture? -Are trade-related measure necessary to foster multifunctional nature of agriculture? -Food security and rural development in DCs -Immediate or long-term food security? -How is it linked to trade policies? -Can WTO rules do anything for food security?

17 … Thank you for your attention