Modernization, Industrialization, Urbanization…

Modernization Theory as Ideology In the distinction between modern and traditional societies, the U.S is the epitome of modern society In the U.S. during the 1950s, Modernization Theory becomes academic orthodoxy and government policy

Marxist Stages of Development Primitive Communal or Tribal (Asiatic Mode of Production) Ancient or Classical Feudal Capitalist

Marxist Stages of Development By producing material subsistence, men indirectly produce their material life Early Marx: Fixed Stages Mid Marx: Consideration of all possible systems Late Marx: No Fixed Series; Possibility of Direct Advance

Imperialism, communism, and the ‘development age’ “The old imperialism – exploitation for foreign profit – has no place in our plans. What we envisage is a program of development based on the concepts of democratic fair-dealing.” President Truman’s ‘Point Four’ 1948

Lenin Critique of Imperialism “the highest stage of capitalism.” - predatory capitalism - monopoly control -concentration of production -finance capital-export of capital - poor and exploited working class - rivalry among capitalist states - domination of peripheral nations -parasitism and decay (crisis)

Vladimir I. Lenin (Revolution-1924) The Bolshevik Revolution (1917) Partial nationalization Creation of Gosplan NEP (1921)

From World Revolution to Communism in One Country(1) 1913: Duty to help oppressed nationalities; obligation to resist nationalism After 1917: Establishment of large, multinational state; regional self- government and cultural self- development

“You have to work, but keep your rifle at hand” War communism -mass mobilization for industry -imperialism -Western containment

“Join the red forces to get a better life” A poster by Vladimir Mayakovsky ( ) "If you want something - Join up" from the year 1921

Successful Mass Literacy Campaign Learn to read! A poster by Alexei Radakov ( ) "He who is illiterate is like a blind man. Failure and misfortune lie in wait for him on al sides" 1920.

From World Revolution to Communism in One Country(2) Under Stalin: Nationalism and Mass Patriotism; Semi-Autonomous National Regions (often constructed); Russianization (language) and Russification (identity)

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin Continues NEP Administrative Command Economy 5 Year Plans Full Nationalization of Industry and Agriculture Collectivization Comecon (reconstruction, quotas)

CENTRALLY PLANNED ECONOMIES (CPE) Pressure Economy-forced accumulation Central Control-Political Planning Extensive Development- rapid growth and industrialization Closed Economy- Insulated Giants of the Five Year Plan

CENTRAL PLANNING State ownership of enterprises. Workers were state employees. Planned production targets and supply of inputs. Managers were administrators of state property and enforcers of the output plans. Planning Takes Place in Phases (5 Year Plans)

CHAIN OF COMMAND: TOP DOWN The Communist Party sets the “control figures” - general instructions GOSPLAN (State Planning Committee) - translates them into plan targets and creates material and product balances. The instructions are sent to enterprises and to the relevant party structures:

Successes of Central Planning Industrialization Education Infrastructure Technological Development Orthodox and revisionist Historiography

Problems of Central Planning Lack of Operational Flexibility Resources Were Not Rationally Allocated Requires Expansion Intentional Inaccuracy-Capacity Hidden Need for Resources Overestimated Social Costs (Slavery, Worker Welfare, etc.) Resource Intensive (shortages) No Incentive to Increase Production or Raise Productivity

What kept the system in place during the Stalin period ( ) ? Managers: fear of loosing life or being sent to a labor camp as an “enemy of the state”. Workers: under-performer was the enemy of the state. Unemployment was illegal (hooligan laws). Enemies of the state ( est million) worked in the labor camps, mines, populated Siberia and about 4,000 labor camps.

Appeal to the Postcolony Philosophy of Liberation Direct Economic Subsidy (Capital) Indirect Economic Intervention (Development, etc.) Military Assistance Authoritarian Political Structure