Robert Crawford, MBA West Middle School

 Explain how the binary system is used by computers.  Describe how software is written and translated  Summarize the tasks of the operating system  Identify two leading operating systems and explain why compatibility is an issue ◦ This is one of the largest units; be ready for a lot of new, and detailed, information.  (And I actually cut some stuff out)

 ASCII  Character Set  Compiler  Interpreter  Object Code  Object-Oriented Programming  Procedural Programming  Programmer  Source Code  Unicode

Understanding Binary

 Remember, all the computer can do is act on pieces of information. ◦ It can compare that piece of information to another piece of information ◦ It can perform a mathematical operation on the piece of information ◦ That’s all it can do!

 The Binary World ◦ In almost all cases that information is expressed as ones and zeros.  These ones and zeros then represent other numbers.  It is reasonably easy to convert other information in to binary

 The Binary World  It is reasonably easy to convert other information in to binary  The first thing to remember is that a Byte is not made up of a single Bit, it is made up of 8 Bits Number of Binary Digits (bits) Common Name 1Bit 4Nibble 8Byte 16Word 32Double Word 64Quad Word

 The Binary World  It is reasonably easy to convert other information in to binary  We start by making a table Binary Digit

 The Binary World ◦ Binary is relevant because all the computers can work with is 1s’ and 0s’ ◦ This is because it is made up of transistors  Which are nothing but little switches

 The Binary World ◦ Binary is relevant because all the computers can work with is 1s’ and 0s’ ◦ This is because it is made up of transistors  Which are nothing but little switches ◦ These transistors are combined to make computer chips

 The Binary World ◦ Binary is relevant because all the computers can work with is 1s’ and 0s’ ◦ Of course, these 1s’ and 0s’ add up to numbers, and the numbers have meaning. ◦ The meanings are defined by ASCII  American Standard Code for Information Interchange ◦ These are standardized so that a particular digital “word” always means the same thing, no matter who wrote the program.

 The Binary World ◦ Don’t panic!  You don’t need to know this chart!

 The Binary World ◦ What you do need to understand is that  in the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) chart certain, defined, numbers represent certain characters and punctuation marks.  ASCII provides a common system for coding characters, or character set that uses 8 Bit Words.  Unicode is similar but uses16 bit words  What would be the difference between an 8 bit word and a 16 bit word?  Remember this? Binary Digit

What is software and how is it made

 How does the computer know what to do with the data in the digital form?

 The computer gets its instructions from its software. ◦ Who produces software?

 The computer gets its instructions from its software. ◦ Software is produced by Programmers.  They write the instructions for the computer  These instructions become the software

 The computer gets its instructions from its software. ◦ Software is produced by Programmers.  They write the instructions for the computer  These instructions become the software  However, in their written form, these instructions are referred to as source code...  The code that provides the source, or beginning, of the software.

 The computer gets its instructions from its software. ◦ Software is produced by Programmers.  They write the instructions for the computer  These instructions become the software  However, in their written form, these instructions are referred to as source code...  The code that provides the source, or beginning, of the software. Sub (hello_world) Print$ “Hello World” Gosub hello_world

 There are two basic types of programming languages. ◦ Remember, programming languages are what programmers use to write the source code, which becomes software, the instructions to the computer.

 There are two basic types of programming languages. ◦ Procedural Programming ◦ Object-oriented Programming

 There are two basic types of programming languages. ◦ Procedural Programming  Uses step by step instructions to tell the computer what to do. ◦ Object-oriented Programming

 There are two basic types of programming languages. ◦ Procedural Programming  Uses step by step instructions to tell the computer what to do.  Languages include:  C  Fortan  Pascal  Basic  (no, this list will not appear on a quiz) ◦ Object-oriented Programming

 There are two basic types of programming languages. ◦ Procedural Programming  Uses step by step instructions to tell the computer what to do.  Languages include:  C  Fortan  Pascal  Basic  (no, this list will not appear on a quiz) ◦ What you need to remember is:  Programming languages are what programmers use to write the source code, which becomes software, the instructions to the computer.

 There are two basic types of programming languages. ◦ Procedural Programming ◦ Object-oriented Programming  Provides rules for both creating and managing objects.  An object can be both data and rules for how to process the data

 There are two basic types of programming languages. ◦ Procedural Programming ◦ Object-oriented Programming  Provides rules for both creating and managing objects.  An object can be both data and rules for how to process the data  Languages include:  C++  VBScript  Java  Be aware that your Computer Science AP class in high school will feature Java... From the syllabus: (Note: Students who study a language other than Java in AP Computer Science must also be taught to use Java, as specified in the AP Java subset.) C6 - The course teaches students to code fluently in an object-oriented paradigm using the programming language Java.

 There are two basic types of programming languages. ◦ Procedural Programming ◦ Object-oriented Programming  Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer. ◦ What is source code?

 There are two basic types of programming languages. ◦ Procedural Programming ◦ Object-oriented Programming  Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer. ◦ Source code is made up of the instructions to the computer, written by programmers, using programming languages  The source code becomes the software that provides the instructions to the processor.

◦ Source code is made up of the instructions to the computer, written by programmers, using programming languages  The source code becomes the software that provides the instructions to the processor.  This definition sounds pretty complicated. Why can’t we just say it’s software? ◦ We can’t say it’s software because it isn’t software! ◦ All the computer can work with is 1s’ and 0s’

 The computer cannot work with these high-level languages we have just named: ◦ C, Fortran, Pascal, Basic, C++, Java, VBScript ◦ It can only work with 1s’ and 0s’

 We are going to take a moment and look that the Wikipedia definition of Source Code He seems to be spending a lot of time on source code, I wonder if will ever be on a test...

 There are two basic types of programming languages. ◦ Procedural Programming ◦ Object-oriented Programming  Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer. ◦ Compiled ◦ Interpreted

 Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer. ◦ Compiled  More common for complex, commercial software .exe files ◦ Interpreted  More common for simple instructions .bat files

 In computing, source code is any collection of computer instructions (possibly with comments) written using some human-readable computer language, usually as text. ◦ The source code of a program is specially designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code.  The source code is often transformed by a compiler program into low- level machine code understood by the computer. The machine code might then be stored for execution at a later time.  Alternatively, an interpreter can be used to analyze and perform the outcomes of the source code program directly on the fly.

Okay, so it is something written by people, and intended to be something easy for people to understand and it gets converted into something that the computer can understand; But, what was that step in the middle?

 In computing, source code is any collection of computer instructions (possibly with comments) written using some human-readable computer language, usually as text. ◦ The source code of a program is specially designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code.  The source code is often transformed by a compiler program into low-level machine code understood by the computer. ◦ The machine code [or executable] might then be stored for execution at a later time. ◦ [most software is distributed as an executable]  Alternatively, an interpreter can be used to analyze and perform the outcomes of the source code program directly on the fly.

Functions and types of Operating Systems

 Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS).

 Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs: ◦ Managing peripherals: ◦ Managing Data: ◦ Managing Memory: ◦ Coordinating data processing: ◦ Providing the user interface:

 Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs: ◦ Managing peripherals:  Moving data and commands between the CPU and the monitor, printers, disk drives, and other peripherals. ◦ Managing Data: ◦ Managing Memory: ◦ Providing the user interface:

 Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs: ◦ Managing peripherals:  Moving data and commands between the CPU and the monitor, printers, disk drives, and other peripherals. ◦ Managing Data:  Finding the needed programs and files ◦ Managing Memory: ◦ Coordinating data processing: ◦ Providing the user interface:

 Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs: ◦ Managing peripherals:  Moving data and commands between the CPU and the monitor, printers, disk drives, and other peripherals. ◦ Managing Data:  Finding the needed programs and files ◦ Managing Memory:  Storing data and programs in RAM and on the hard drive. ◦ Coordinating data processing: ◦ Providing the user interface:

 Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs: ◦ Managing peripherals:  Moving data and commands between the CPU and the monitor, printers, disk drives, and other peripherals. ◦ Managing Data:  Finding the needed programs and files ◦ Managing Memory:  Storing data and programs in RAM and on the hard drive. ◦ Coordinating data processing:  Performing many tasks at once and insuring that processes do not interfere with one another ◦ Providing the user interface:

 Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs: ◦ Managing peripherals:  Moving data and commands between the CPU and the monitor, printers, disk drives, and other peripherals. ◦ Managing Data:  Finding the needed programs and files ◦ Managing Memory:  Storing data and programs in RAM and on the hard drive. ◦ Coordinating data processing:  Performing many tasks at once and insuring that processes do not interfere with one another ◦ Providing the user interface:  Organizing than displaying the options you see on your screen when you turn on your computer

 Systems Compatibility ◦ The three most common families of operating systems are:  Windows  Macintosh OS (OSx)  Linux

 Systems Compatibility ◦ The three most common families of operating systems are:  Windows  Runs on Intel based processors  Uses Generic hardware  Macintosh OS (OSx)  Linux

 Systems Compatibility ◦ The three most common families of operating systems are:  Windows  Macintosh OS (OSx)  Initially ran on Motorola Processors;  but now also uses Intel processors.  Linux

 Systems Compatibility ◦ The three most common families of operating systems are:  Windows  Macintosh OS (OSx)  Initially ran on Motorola Processors;  but now also uses Intel processors.  Requires Apple Hardware  (not really )  Linux

 Systems Compatibility ◦ The three most common families of operating systems are:  Windows  Macintosh OS (OSx)  Initially ran on Motorola Processors;  but now also uses Intel processors.  Requires Apple Hardware  (not really )  Apple is a systems provider  They are not just a hardware vendor or OS provider  Linux

 Systems Compatibility ◦ The three most common families of operating systems are:  Windows  Macintosh OS (OSx)  Linux  Is based on UNIX (but isn’t UNIX)  Runs on a large variety of hardware  Has very limited support

 Systems Compatibility ◦ The three most common families of operating systems are:  Windows  Macintosh OS (OSx)  Linux ◦ At one time these systems were incompatible

 Systems Compatibility ◦ The three most common families of operating systems are:  Windows  Macintosh OS (OSx)  Linux ◦ At one time these systems were incompatible  OSx and Linux can now read files written for each other and Windows.  Various programs allow software intended for windows to run on OSx and Linux.

 Explain how the binary system is used by computers.  Describe how software is written and translated ◦ Programmer, Source Code, compiled, Interpreted  Summarize the tasks of the operating system  Identify two leading operating systems and explain why compatibility is an issue

 ASCII  Character Set  Compiler  Interpreter  Object Code  Object-Oriented Programming  Procedural Programming  Programmer  Source Code  Unicode