Chapter 2: Ideas and Opportunities Lecture 2

Agenda Who starts & runs programs? Where do ideas come from (invent or adapt)? How do we know a good idea when we see one?

Agenda Who starts & runs programs? Where do ideas come from (invent or adapt)? How do we know a good idea when we see one?

First some Context: Who Runs Programs? How many examples of each of the following entities can you name? Government Nonprofits Social Entrepreneurs

Types of Government Includes: school districts Police departments Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

What is a nonprofit? Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

What is the Nonprofit Sector? j8BHt_4http:// j8BHt_4 Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

What is a non-profit? The U.S. Tax Code distinguishes between 28 categories of tax-exempt organizations under Section 501(c) of the 1986 tax code. under Sections 501(c)(3), organizations that are dedicated specifically to “public charitable” purposes according to Section 501(c) of Title 26 of the U.S. Tax Code, they are exempt from federal income tax there are approximately 1.4 million nonprofit organizations (recognized by the Internal Revenue Service), Carman, Fredericks, & Introcaso (2008:7) Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

Charitable Businesses se_p.html The Microsoft co-founder, now a full-time philanthropist, talks about pressing problems like health care in the developing world and the U.S. education system — “important” problems Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

What is Charitable? According to the IRS, the term charitable refers to efforts relating to the “relief of the poor, the distressed, or the underprivileged; advancement of religion; advancement of education or science; erecting or maintaining public buildings, monuments, or works; lessening the burdens of government; lessening neighborhood tensions; eliminating prejudice and discrimination; defending human and civil rights secured by law; and combating community deterioration and juvenile delinquency” (Internal Revenue Service, 2007, p. 4). Carman, Fredericks, & Introcaso (2008:7) Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

Source: PerformWell Webinar “Reframing the Human Services to Gain Public Support for Effective Programs” The National Human Services Assembly, the American Public Human Services Association (APHSA), The Frameworks Institute. 1/15/ Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

What makes a non-profit distinct? According to Salamon (1999), nonprofit organizations in the United States have six distinguishing characteristics, in being: 1. Institutional in form (as opposed to being ad hoc, informal, or temporary), legally recognized, and incorporated 2. Private organizations, and separate from government 3. Not profit-distributing, meaning that all profits must be reinvested into the mission of the organization (as opposed to being distributed to the owners of the organization) 4. Self-governing, and not controlled by outside entities 5. Voluntary in nature, relying on volunteers in the staffing, activities, or governance of the organization 6. In existence to deliver a public service or benefit (pp. 10–11) Carman, Fredericks, & Introcaso (2008:6) Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

The State of Human Services field Source: PerformWell Webinar “Reframing the Human Services to Gain Public Support for Effective Programs” The National Human Services Assembly, the American Public Human Services Association (APHSA), The Frameworks Institute. 1/15/ Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

Source: PerformWell Webinar “Reframing the Human Services to Gain Public Support for Effective Programs” The National Human Services Assembly, the American Public Human Services Association (APHSA), The Frameworks Institute. 1/15/ Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

Source: PerformWell Webinar “Reframing the Human Services to Gain Public Support for Effective Programs” The National Human Services Assembly, the American Public Human Services Association (APHSA), The Frameworks Institute. 1/15/ Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

Number of nonprofits has increased Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

An estimated 2.3 million nonprofit organizations operated in the United States in Some 1.6 million nonprofits were registered with the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), an increase of 24 percent from Of these, only 40 percent (about 618,000) were required to file a financial return with the IRS because they collected more than $50,000 in gross receipts in Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

Figure 1.2 Social Venture Growth Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs

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Types of Social Entrepreneurs Personal Achiever Super Salesperson Real Manager Expert idea Generator (P14) Government NonProfits Social Entrepreneurs entrepreneur-or-startup-founder-are-you/

Types of Social Entrepreneurs Personal Achiever –Innovates autonomously Super Salesperson –Innovates via service to others Real Manager –Within an established organization Expert idea Generator –Relies on expertise & creativity for innovations

Which type was Ben Franklin? (P15) Personal Achiever Super Salesperson Real Manager Expert idea Generator He was the inventor of successful products like bifocal glasses, the lightning rod and the Franklin stove (among others) as well as a media magnate where he published several newspapers and his popular Poor Richard’s Almanac, in which Franklin used a fictional character to share his own views on topics like politics and philosophy. Of course, Franklin also earned fame with other contributions such as creating the nation’s first free library.

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Agenda Who starts & runs programs? Where do ideas come from (invent or adapt)? How do we know a good idea when we see one?

To solve social problems…but what is that?

Problems come from personal experience Are these social problems? Why or why not?

/ Not all problems are social problems

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Figure 2.1 The process of opportunity recognition 2 key components -ideas -opportunities or need

Figure 2.2 The acquisition and utilization of information for socially-entrepreneurial ideas People You know in the Field Previous course work Internship /watch?NR=1&v=NugR ZGDbPFU Video: (4 min) Chance Favors the Connected Mind: Where Good ideas come from

Figure 2.3 Innovation versus adaptation Entrepreneurship Personality Quiz 30 questions personality-quiz_cx_bn_1116quiz.html

Look at Brinckerhoff p.8 Types of Social Entrepreneurship 1.Starting a new product or service 2.Expanding an existing product or service 3.Expanding an existing activity for a new group of people 4.Expanding an existing activity to a new geographic area 5.Acquiring an existing business 6.Partnership or merger with an existing business

Agenda Who starts & runs programs? Where do ideas come from (invent or adapt)? How do we know a good idea when we see one?

Where do we look to find need?

Figure 2.4 Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and examples of social entrepreneurship potential Needs Solutions

Which quadrant do these fall into?

Table 2.1 The relationship between social entrepreneurship ideas and opportunities OpportunityNo opportunity IdeaA venture with potential is conceived A venture without potential is conceived No ideaMissed opportunity Correct rejection of an idea

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The point is: OpportunityNo opportunity IdeaA venture with potential is conceived A venture without potential is conceived No ideaMissed opportunity Correct rejection of an idea We may be able to identify new ideas on our own… ….but without data and literature we are unable to tell if there is an opportunity. The DATA ~ show there is a problem The LITERATURE ~ convinces us what actions we might take to solve the problem

How Wolves Change Rivers - or- why you need a literature review to connect the dots between your interventions and long term outcomes that result sa5OBhXz-Q

How do we document need?

Community need – needs assessment content/uploads/2012/01/mapp.jpg A 'need' is: A gap between what is and what should be. (York 2008, 56) The most accurate measurement of unmet needs for human services is a waiting list (York 2009, page 57).

Needs Assessment p Brainstorming Focus Groups Surveys

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Finding local stats:

Opportunities Arise From Technological Change Public Policy Changes Changes in Public Opinion Changes in Tastes Social & Demographic Changes Source: PerformWell Webinar “Reframing the Human Services to Gain Public Support for Effective Programs” The National Human Services Assembly, the American Public Human Services Association (APHSA), The Frameworks Institute. 1/15/

Source: PerformWell Webinar “Reframing the Human Services to Gain Public Support for Effective Programs” The National Human Services Assembly, the American Public Human Services Association (APHSA), The Frameworks Institute. 1/15/

Where do we find literature?

Inventing or Adapting and Existing Program for your Final Project Lists of sample programs: Results First Clearinghouse Download briefs/2014/09/results-first-clearinghouse-database briefs/2014/09/results-first-clearinghouse-database Promising Practices Network

What works for Children What Works (and Doesn't) Child Trends' What Works/LINKS database is a searchable database of over 700 social interventions for children. What Works includes descriptions of rigorously evaluated programs targeted at improving child or youth outcomes. Programs must have had at least one randomized, intent-to-treat evaluation (i.e., everyone was assigned by lottery to the treatment or experimental group and all were included in the analysis of impacts, whether or not they actually participated or were served). You can search the database by program population, outcome, approach, or a combination of these. News%3A+What+Works+in+Program+Interventions+for+Children&utm_campai gn=enews+1%2F15%2F15&utm_medium= LINKS Syntheses

Magnitude of Impact News%3A+What+Works+in+Program+Interventions+for+Children&utm_camp aign=enews+1%2F15%2F15&utm_medium=

The Ben Franklin Model isn’t for everyone… The text emphasizes how the team approach is important (p15)

Video I want to be a Billionaire- Bruno Mars 8aRor905cCw What does the author want to do with the money? (list our for self and for others) Classify according to this pyramid..

Finding a Project Idea in Crim

CompSTAT, which stands for Computer Statistics or Comparative Statistics, was launched in New York City and is perhaps the best- known technological innovation in law enforcement. CompSTAT has two components. The first is software-intensive, and it uses real-time crime data to quickly allocate police resources to crime “hot spots” in cities. The second element, which concerns managerial techniques, decentralizes authority to precinct commanders and holds them accountable for changes in the crime rate within their jurisdiction. City police leaders meet with commanders on a frequent basis to discuss data findings and to plan patrol activity. These methods increase the number of criminals apprehended, but perhaps more importantly, studies suggest that the strong and visible police presence has a deterrence effect. Former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani partly credits CompSTAT with the 62 percent drop in the crime rate in New York from 1993 to Another well-known – but not widely enough adopted – technology is Chicago’s Citizen Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting (CLEAR). The CLEAR database contains millions of incident reports and other information that officers can query using wireless, touchscreen notebooks in their cars. The data allows officers to instantly check suspects against the database of fugitives, parolees, and offenders who are wanted on warrants. A mug shot, for example, can be accessed in just seconds – rather than four days. Most significantly, CLEAR empowers community policing. Citizens use a website to find out who is policing their neighborhood so that they can efficiently relay leads about criminal activity. Chicago’s murder rate dropped from 22.1 per 100,000 in 2002 to 15.5 in 2004 following the implementation of CLEAR. The number of robberies has also declined nearly 30 percent from 2000 to Because fewer Chicagoans have been incarcerated since 1999, it is not incarceration that is yielding results. More likely, it is Chicago’s innovations in law enforcement, including CLEAR CompStat was started by Jack Maple when he was a Transit police officer. The original Commanding officer of the Transit Police Crime Analysis Unit was Lieutenant Richard Vasconi. It was called Charts of the Future and was simple - it tracked crime through pins stuck in maps. Charts of the Future is credited with cutting subway crime by 27 percent.Jack Maple Chief of New York City Transit Police William J. Bratton was later appointed Police Commissioner by Rudolph Giuliani, and brought Maple's Charts of the Future with him. Not without a bit of struggle, he made the NYPD adopt it after it was rebranded as CompStat, and it was credited with bringing down crime by 60%. There was a CompStat meeting every month, and it was mandatory for police officials to attend. The year after CompStat was adopted, 1995, murders dropped to 1,181. By 2003, there were 596 murders—the lowest number since 1964.William J. BrattonRudolph Giuliani

Many of these negative effects in the possible weaknesses of the COMPSTAT system were dramatized in HBO's The Wire, as part of an overarching theme of systemic dysfunction in institutions. [13] Indeed, "[o]ne of the central themes of the critically acclaimed HBO series... was the pressure politicians put on police brass, who then apply it to the department’s middle management, to generate PR-friendly statistics about lowering crime and increasing arrests." [14] In the show, this was referred to as "juking the stats".HBOThe Wire [13]politiciansPR [14] Video clip series:

So Where do Program Ideas that address need Come From? Problems you see in the world that need fixing

Figure 2.1 The process of opportunity recognition Need is a key part i.e. solving a social problem

Ted Talks for Inspiration for your project:

As seen in fight crime invest in kids

Grade Level Reading nching-your-campaign-for-grade- level-reading/applying-for-the-all- america-city-award/

XhQpOl5SkRI The 30 Million Word Gap: Video Fp1xDgraL4c Hart and Risley 4 minutes:

The 30 Million Word Gap In 1995, researchers Betty Hart and Todd R. Risley published a study that highlighted the close link between children’s academic success at ages nine and 10 and their verbal interaction with their parents during the first years of life. Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children Major findings: Children from all three groups of families started to speak around the same time and developed good structure and use of language. Children in professional families heard more words per hour, resulting in larger cumulative vocabularies. In professional families, children heard an average of 2,153 words per hour, while children in working class families heard an average of 1,251 words per hour and children in welfare-recipient families heard an average of 616 words per hour. Extrapolated out, this means that in a year children in professional families heard an average of 11 million words, while children in working class families heard an average of 6 million words and children in welfare families heard an average of 3 million words. By kindergarten, a child from a welfare-recipient family could have heard 32 million words fewer than a classmate from a professional family. By age three, the observed cumulative vocabulary for children in the professional families was about 1,100 words. For children from working class families, the observed cumulative vocabulary was about 750 words and for children from welfare-recipient families it was just above 500 words. Children in professional families heard a higher ratio of encouragements to discouragements than their working class and welfare-supported counterparts. Adams (1990, p. 85) estimated that a typical middle-class child enters 1st grade with 1,000 to 1,700 hours of one-on-one picture book reading, compared with an average of just 25 hours for a child from a low-income family. Storch and Whitehurst, language-research.pdf

Video from Dollywood Foundation fRyWw3od7Vo&feature=related The Dollywood Foundation is the organizational body that oversees the Imagination Library, a free book distribution program started by Dolly Parton in The program is based at her Dollywood theme park near Pigeon Forge, Tennessee. Every child in Sevier County, Tennessee, the area where she was born and raised, is eligible to receive a free age appropriate book each month in the mail until the age of five. The program has since expanded to over 1600 local communities in the US, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The program can be implemented in other communities by private organizations, and the Foundation is responsible for the distribution of books in those participating communities.Dolly PartonDollywood Pigeon Forge, TennesseeSevier County, Tennesseeage appropriate

FYI- Imagination Library in Syracuse Since this is a project that helps build skills that are used in the real world, please look at the following as examples of how these skills have been used in real life Program Evaluation and Policy Analysis. Channel 9 news ( reading-to-their-kids/MCwPYPKY20SPNrUHf1p0Pw.cspxhttp:// reading-to-their-kids/MCwPYPKY20SPNrUHf1p0Pw.cspx YNN TV news Story The database you are building was used for the ongoing evaluation of the program featured in this TV news story: works-to-spread-awareness/ works-to-spread-awareness/ Also had articles in the post standard ( _books_he.html ) and an Editorial Aug 8 th ( _t.html ) _books_he.htmlhttp://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2011/08/mondays_editorial_free_books _t.html

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Source: PerformWell Webinar “Reframing the Human Services to Gain Public Support for Effective Programs” The National Human Services Assembly, the American Public Human Services Association (APHSA), The Frameworks Institute. 1/15/

Why are social scientists well suited to innovate?

Finding a Project Idea in Crim

You see it in the The American Society of Criminology's publications consist of the following: the journals, Criminology andCriminology & Public Policy, htm

CompSTAT, which stands for Computer Statistics or Comparative Statistics, was launched in New York City and is perhaps the best- known technological innovation in law enforcement. CompSTAT has two components. The first is software-intensive, and it uses real-time crime data to quickly allocate police resources to crime “hot spots” in cities. The second element, which concerns managerial techniques, decentralizes authority to precinct commanders and holds them accountable for changes in the crime rate within their jurisdiction. City police leaders meet with commanders on a frequent basis to discuss data findings and to plan patrol activity. These methods increase the number of criminals apprehended, but perhaps more importantly, studies suggest that the strong and visible police presence has a deterrence effect. Former New York Mayor Rudolph Giuliani partly credits CompSTAT with the 62 percent drop in the crime rate in New York from 1993 to Another well-known – but not widely enough adopted – technology is Chicago’s Citizen Law Enforcement Analysis and Reporting (CLEAR). The CLEAR database contains millions of incident reports and other information that officers can query using wireless, touchscreen notebooks in their cars. The data allows officers to instantly check suspects against the database of fugitives, parolees, and offenders who are wanted on warrants. A mug shot, for example, can be accessed in just seconds – rather than four days. Most significantly, CLEAR empowers community policing. Citizens use a website to find out who is policing their neighborhood so that they can efficiently relay leads about criminal activity. Chicago’s murder rate dropped from 22.1 per 100,000 in 2002 to 15.5 in 2004 following the implementation of CLEAR. The number of robberies has also declined nearly 30 percent from 2000 to Because fewer Chicagoans have been incarcerated since 1999, it is not incarceration that is yielding results. More likely, it is Chicago’s innovations in law enforcement, including CLEAR CompStat was started by Jack Maple when he was a Transit police officer. The original Commanding officer of the Transit Police Crime Analysis Unit was Lieutenant Richard Vasconi. It was called Charts of the Future and was simple - it tracked crime through pins stuck in maps. Charts of the Future is credited with cutting subway crime by 27 percent.Jack Maple Chief of New York City Transit Police William J. Bratton was later appointed Police Commissioner by Rudolph Giuliani, and brought Maple's Charts of the Future with him. Not without a bit of struggle, he made the NYPD adopt it after it was rebranded as CompStat, and it was credited with bringing down crime by 60%. There was a CompStat meeting every month, and it was mandatory for police officials to attend. The year after CompStat was adopted, 1995, murders dropped to 1,181. By 2003, there were 596 murders—the lowest number since 1964.William J. BrattonRudolph Giuliani

Many of these negative effects in the possible weaknesses of the COMPSTAT system were dramatized in HBO's The Wire, as part of an overarching theme of systemic dysfunction in institutions. [13] Indeed, "[o]ne of the central themes of the critically acclaimed HBO series... was the pressure politicians put on police brass, who then apply it to the department’s middle management, to generate PR-friendly statistics about lowering crime and increasing arrests." [14] In the show, this was referred to as "juking the stats".HBOThe Wire [13]politiciansPR [14] Video clip series:

Waiting for Class to begin? Complete this personality test and write down your score Entrepreneurship Personality Quiz 30 questions epreneur-personality- quiz_cx_bn_1116quiz.html

Experiential Classrom IX Group Photo Experiential Classroom IX took place September 18-21, 2008 in Syracuse, New York. Social Entrepreneurs What are they? Brooks p. 3